tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29251352557330128252024-02-20T22:42:23.593+00:00"I suppose all great happiness is a little sad...""Only in relation to imagination can things be called beautiful, well-ordered or confused" - Spinoza, 1632-1677Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.comBlogger78125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-41492669157879252152014-03-13T18:38:00.001+00:002014-03-13T18:38:57.597+00:00Boy; words for James...<p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s3" style="direction: rtl; font-weight: bold; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Boy</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">A blanket of corporeal emotion</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Placed around your shoulders.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Yet pinned to your breast</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">With a clasp of steel.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">A subtle gesture of what penetrates me.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">You are my beautiful.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">You are grafted to me eternally.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Look at our Spheres,</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">As they dance in the Heavens.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The stars look on dangerously</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">And the bodies stare relentlessly.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">But we are entwined.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">A purity and intimacy unknown even here.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Complete me, my beautiful.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">For that is what you are:</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">My beautiful.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">That radiating light.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Everything I've ever needed.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">It is in your eyes I dream,</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">But more in your Self I become.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">I hold you close so please breathe.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Let your whispers always reach me.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Please be careful.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The clasp doesn't mirror to buckle.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Purity and intimacy.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">It's not a case of biting the apple,</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">My beautiful.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">I will forever adorn you with all I am.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Please breathe my beautiful.</span></p><p class="s4" style="margin: 0px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Please look at what penetrates me.</span></p><p class="s6" style="margin: 0px 0px 33px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Hold it my beautiful.</span></p><p class="s6" style="margin: 0px 0px 33px;"><span class="s5" style="direction: rtl; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">(2006)</span></p>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-66339483140916428572014-01-11T11:56:00.000+00:002014-01-11T11:56:09.121+00:00Personally not one for make up, yet I'm now made-up.... <div style="text-align: justify;">
Despite the fact that blusher nor eye shadow has donned this <i>histoire de visage</i>. In fact not even nail varnish adorned my fat, plump teenage fingers during my emo, pop-punk phase of socio-(pseudo)intellectual development, YET (my favourite three-lettered <i>Deus ex-machina</i>) it appears I have indeed spent some four, five hours researching, tumbling, sojourning and indulging in the beautiful narrative which accompanies Canadian, 80's uber-brand <a href="http://www.macaidsfund.org/#/glam/campaignhistory" target="_blank">M.A.C's</a> <b>VIVA GLAM</b>: its very omnificence the true testament to the potentiality in the contemporary, putting some real in relativism.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSVAwfkzgwrNihYo0qYq5-3H65e6FcFDHkTq1nva5Y4zyat75z364x37i4o9Z-RDzCmZHnyMC7AvsGX44bf2ksEyQb4U_NRuRnioRFTm4n2TQzhMbW8SxRxnfxOkITjWElc5dhkjHs5Avt/s1600/viva+glam+rupaul.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSVAwfkzgwrNihYo0qYq5-3H65e6FcFDHkTq1nva5Y4zyat75z364x37i4o9Z-RDzCmZHnyMC7AvsGX44bf2ksEyQb4U_NRuRnioRFTm4n2TQzhMbW8SxRxnfxOkITjWElc5dhkjHs5Avt/s1600/viva+glam+rupaul.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Despite the detriment effect she and her superstar-ness has had on a generations grammar [nouns DO NOT possess gender in the Queen's fair tongue, so no gurl I shalln't be passing her over, or the rest of her grammatically retarded family] ever since 'To Wong Foo...' I do love the c(C)unt(ess) </td></tr>
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Now, I feel the need to employ a particularly considered diction, for to explain Viva Glam is paramount; for that which it is extends beyond a simple dichotomy of rational and empirical. This apparent difficulty in constructing an explanation, with all those implied third-party relayers of what still fundamentally remains my subjectivity, is not unwarranted, one contends, for at best a 19th Century ambivalence had my consciousness appropriated. In 1994, under the Fierce and very Real reign of her Ladyship RuPaul, Viva Glam I was launched: a burgundy red lipstick and lipgloss, which M.A.C, in 2014, herald as "<a href="http://www.macaidsfund.org/#/glam/currentcampaign" target="_blank">universal in glamour and appeal</a>". However, it wasn't just that Viva Glam had a Vestal vision as its spokesperson, every penny and cent of the selling price of the dynamic duo being placed into the M.A.C AIDS Fund: to date a staggering, inspiring $270 million has been raised through the sales of Viva Glam lipstick and lipgloss. During nigh on two decades M.A.C truly bore its heart and soul in the deployment and development of several Viva Glam campaigns, and although many an East London Gurl is happy RuPaul's back representin', every face and facet between then and now has been considered and made manifest to one end, supporting individuals and communities internationally. Viva Glam transcendences mere aesthetic, it permeates: utilizing popular culture, reminding us that we are all Human, and exactly what a seemingly innate capacity to emote can consequent. </div>
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To be honest, there is a particularly fun uniting factor I did observe in chronicling Viva Glam's 19 year narrative: the simply amazing collective who have put their beautiful, historically significant faces to the material product, as well as the extant metaphysical ethos. I mean, fuck me! Lil' Kim, Mary J., Eve AND Ricky Martin, under an umbrella that isn't as crude as the containing two, maybe three, contenders for that dream orgy I am going to have at some point in 2015...</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtXrtnRbZIms1nR1WHcxhVhHGuZvmZPPZEJpHxctH0I2wrA4n68oJg6kTmp7c2vSwXvsVqnU0P1pRI0M2yqmrgi3c_miNeKJCVwRdGv9qSghjt2fhcAxBEN9fc83Spp-vaCIW041JhvqhM/s1600/viva+glam+lil+kim+mary+j+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtXrtnRbZIms1nR1WHcxhVhHGuZvmZPPZEJpHxctH0I2wrA4n68oJg6kTmp7c2vSwXvsVqnU0P1pRI0M2yqmrgi3c_miNeKJCVwRdGv9qSghjt2fhcAxBEN9fc83Spp-vaCIW041JhvqhM/s1600/viva+glam+lil+kim+mary+j+2.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>VIVA GLAM III</b>: <i>Campaign I</i></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiazVPpoCngdwOwBRyFXjr1Ii06PSGMd5ADQ6Zl3T0FMhSAraZa8GKeSPHtG2qrSNq4XN2Ex_lS98My1nv-uf1Y5aBb7GlCNchmYnj48dkqWriFLLWgjnlH-Q7pzYjYwueXTRSi5zEE3OoI/s1600/Viva+Glam+lil+kim+mary+j.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiazVPpoCngdwOwBRyFXjr1Ii06PSGMd5ADQ6Zl3T0FMhSAraZa8GKeSPHtG2qrSNq4XN2Ex_lS98My1nv-uf1Y5aBb7GlCNchmYnj48dkqWriFLLWgjnlH-Q7pzYjYwueXTRSi5zEE3OoI/s1600/Viva+Glam+lil+kim+mary+j.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>VIVA GLAM III</b>:<i> Campaign II</i></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinbJTHc4s-3aJA8VwsMerHXtJIH0vLMRk-xanSCE4EOpZJqt0-6uteG63aLMXnDOqx6lEEw1TE-LS-6KZklijkMnCqO5-EJlRDouYwKBG2dEES7rDYzWGvLdcTk4kqqqnCQhJLyjQje75y/s1600/Viva+Glam+Nicki+Minaj+Ricky+Martin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinbJTHc4s-3aJA8VwsMerHXtJIH0vLMRk-xanSCE4EOpZJqt0-6uteG63aLMXnDOqx6lEEw1TE-LS-6KZklijkMnCqO5-EJlRDouYwKBG2dEES7rDYzWGvLdcTk4kqqqnCQhJLyjQje75y/s1600/Viva+Glam+Nicki+Minaj+Ricky+Martin.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>VIVA GLAM</b>: <i>Ricky & Nicki</i></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNyA73Fvc1COLgao_oRTShW4N7zsyXiK3xRp0u3x5oRwim0nUuWayfSs6haxsj2JkT1FxtYf2b3p3Du7jsx4ihc_Dy7Y8U_3sxByG0J4vZBtCtIksCdff78Nkn9I38HVw3McqDsqoH98Eb/s1600/Viva+glam+dinner+sept+2006+lil+kim.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNyA73Fvc1COLgao_oRTShW4N7zsyXiK3xRp0u3x5oRwim0nUuWayfSs6haxsj2JkT1FxtYf2b3p3Du7jsx4ihc_Dy7Y8U_3sxByG0J4vZBtCtIksCdff78Nkn9I38HVw3McqDsqoH98Eb/s1600/Viva+glam+dinner+sept+2006+lil+kim.jpg" height="320" width="186" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Just cuz she is the Queen Bee</b>: <i>VG Dinner 2006</i></td></tr>
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-82088253082475497622012-04-28T11:40:00.001+01:002012-04-28T11:40:10.613+01:00Awesomeness Overview: Shelf (online)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHPhY9HDaIophcShlW2a23GFfPwbLm0YQqHiDbTypMvLoaY8KBLkHv9fEMDFBNKTkMOslvfRTjpM-XuS0XYpwKp_U-3aUrSZOFVVRVX3pXm8wJYlEgZcl4k0FHeRvj1VVMqaSRoj5n0t63/s1600/logo_shelf.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="62" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHPhY9HDaIophcShlW2a23GFfPwbLm0YQqHiDbTypMvLoaY8KBLkHv9fEMDFBNKTkMOslvfRTjpM-XuS0XYpwKp_U-3aUrSZOFVVRVX3pXm8wJYlEgZcl4k0FHeRvj1VVMqaSRoj5n0t63/s400/logo_shelf.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Who are they?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Shelf opened in 2001, the joint effort of Jewellery Designer Katy Hackney and Costume Designer Jane Petrie.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Shelf took on an identity of its own. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Many of the wonderful things which were intended to be sold were left by the wayside as the shop decided for itself which goods were to come and go from the shelves. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Collaborations with other artists, hunting trips to foreign lands and vintage finds in the unlikeliest of places have all contributed to the Shelf collection and continue to do so as the shop changes and evolves. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In March 2011 Shelf became exclusively an online venture. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Where to find them: </b><a href="http://www.helpyourshelf.co.uk/" target="_blank">www.helpyourshelf.co.uk </a>- also check out the cherry-on-top accompanying blog at <a href="http://theothersideoftheshelf.blogspot.co.uk/">http://theothersideoftheshelf.blogspot.co.uk/</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Purveyors of what now?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>[Online Categories] </i></span></div>
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<ul class="tree" style="background-color: white; color: #63321f; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: left;">
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.helpyourshelf.co.uk/39-shelf-products" style="color: #63321f; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="">Shelf Products</a></li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.helpyourshelf.co.uk/10-household" style="color: #63321f; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="">Homeware</a></li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.helpyourshelf.co.uk/24-kids" style="color: #63321f; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="">Kids</a></li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.helpyourshelf.co.uk/25-ornament" style="color: #63321f; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="">Ornament</a></li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.helpyourshelf.co.uk/9-prints-posters-paintings-art" style="color: #63321f; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="">Prints, Posters, Paintings & Art</a></li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.helpyourshelf.co.uk/12-miscellaneous" style="color: #63321f; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="">Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.helpyourshelf.co.uk/8-stationery-office" style="color: #63321f; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="">Stationery & Office</a></li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.helpyourshelf.co.uk/42-shelf-letters" style="color: #63321f; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="">Letters</a></li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.helpyourshelf.co.uk/30-gift-ideas" style="color: #63321f; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="">Gift Ideas</a></li>
<li class="last" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.helpyourshelf.co.uk/45-vintage" style="color: #63321f; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="">Vintage</a></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>My Favourites</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8cp9-frRBr9C3cPbKBOnnNMhJDFfGPR6HdYWTPHsoXhJzTx7S42g7WB-sQ-XOVDlR772fPCVLOv8cNFumWphSm-9jlAojypF0b3_UbJRpSrdnVFSWk7M6yBZquvlD4BG8njZK9yFheulp/s1600/Copy+of+Ostheimer+Croc+25+50+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8cp9-frRBr9C3cPbKBOnnNMhJDFfGPR6HdYWTPHsoXhJzTx7S42g7WB-sQ-XOVDlR772fPCVLOv8cNFumWphSm-9jlAojypF0b3_UbJRpSrdnVFSWk7M6yBZquvlD4BG8njZK9yFheulp/s320/Copy+of+Ostheimer+Croc+25+50+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Product: </b>Big Green Crocodile with hinged jaw and lots of teeth!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><b>Brand: </b>Ostheimer</span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><b>Department: </b><a href="http://www.helpyourshelf.co.uk/25-ornament" target="_blank">Ornament</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Price: </b>£25.50 [Go</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><a href="http://www.helpyourshelf.co.uk/134-ostheimer-wooden-crocodile-.html" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">HERE</a>!<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">]</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWFdUBI0LNsk6Ux7Kn8JAF8MpoPJcQOClTRcs8ZRpb7lCdnv4W63yJHkim66P2hJYYhbSt0BLKI_3CrZ7MlmoTDwIhZ5ZKIH6clXLBxpGfaia97FkeSMKaHHlGO7qhHZW4o1wugym3MLqk/s1600/ostheimer+bear+15+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWFdUBI0LNsk6Ux7Kn8JAF8MpoPJcQOClTRcs8ZRpb7lCdnv4W63yJHkim66P2hJYYhbSt0BLKI_3CrZ7MlmoTDwIhZ5ZKIH6clXLBxpGfaia97FkeSMKaHHlGO7qhHZW4o1wugym3MLqk/s320/ostheimer+bear+15+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Product: </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #63321f;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ostheimer
Bears</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><b>Brand: </b>Ostheimer</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><b>Department: </b><a href="http://www.helpyourshelf.co.uk/25-ornament" target="_blank">Ornament</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Price: </b>£15.00 [Go</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <a href="http://www.helpyourshelf.co.uk/132-ostheimer-wooden-bear-.html" target="_blank">Here</a>!]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Being as much curious ornaments as traditional wooden toys, it is no surprise that Ostheimer's selection of wooden animals places the dichotomy between tradition and change in a new context, effortlessly creating products which inform of a history of home-made craftmanship, itself exceeding 50 years, yet emerge exotic and adaptable. Ostheimer is appreciated around the world, with a reputation for producing traditional wooden toys of the very best quality, designed <span style="color: #63321f;">to be handed down from generation to generation.</span><span style="color: #63321f;">Ostheimer figures are produced exclusively from high quality native hardwood, maple and elm. Slight differences in colour and slight deviations in the structure of the grain are not defects, but instead contribute to the special charm and uniqueness of Ostheimer figures. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #63321f;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The transparent colours are applied by hand with up to six consecutive coats,they are non-toxic, water-soluble stains which do not hide the natural surface of the wood. </span></span><span style="color: #63321f;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The design and the colour is based on the awareness tha<span style="font-size: small;">t the children must still be able to feel and experience the wood. </span></span></span><span style="color: #63321f; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The figures are hand traced onto planed wood using templates, they are then sawn out and carefully sanded to achieve the typical soft edged form.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #63321f; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To read more regarding Ostheimer's production ethos please follow </span><a href="http://www.ostheimertoys.com/shop/ostheimer-infos.html" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">THIS</a><span style="color: #63321f; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> link. </span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #63321f;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Recommended for age 3+; </span></span><span style="color: #63321f; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">measures approx 23 cm</span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeUFVF-ukUkMRnF6_w81nPrARCiyKJuSuRu1WuiNgJo1bE0JwZV7JbwxRfVTXI6Ep2QfNztMFoOGsVFd0HXZl6GrUpxPp0jkBL5dwxKc-_nPcDenojXfjCe0WiTS35nbHSOznhBQXocB9j/s1600/Copy+of+Ostheimer+Croc+25+50.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeUFVF-ukUkMRnF6_w81nPrARCiyKJuSuRu1WuiNgJo1bE0JwZV7JbwxRfVTXI6Ep2QfNztMFoOGsVFd0HXZl6GrUpxPp0jkBL5dwxKc-_nPcDenojXfjCe0WiTS35nbHSOznhBQXocB9j/s320/Copy+of+Ostheimer+Croc+25+50.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgceIL3ycTOM-Shjl4ZWuFTZytZ6EftMJg5cmtYkTdQ9wP9BXDFZuFyHhBf94LIGs-HafvZRgvhMU_Am7i5jm1gurWn9MtsOOWBhnYUR8DjYYp0SojLTNXO6Q5A8Qu3unaSYYmG2RU1H-d4/s1600/embossed+letters+8+00+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgceIL3ycTOM-Shjl4ZWuFTZytZ6EftMJg5cmtYkTdQ9wP9BXDFZuFyHhBf94LIGs-HafvZRgvhMU_Am7i5jm1gurWn9MtsOOWBhnYUR8DjYYp0SojLTNXO6Q5A8Qu3unaSYYmG2RU1H-d4/s320/embossed+letters+8+00+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Product: </b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Embossed Paper Alphabet</span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><b>Brand: </b>Hand embossed in Germany</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><b>Department: </b><a href="http://www.helpyourshelf.co.uk/8-stationery-office" target="_blank">Stationery & Office</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Price: </b>£8.00 [Go</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <a href="http://www.helpyourshelf.co.uk/205-embossed-paper-alphabet.html" target="_blank">HERE</a>!]</span></div>
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<span style="color: #63321f;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A sheet of 48 silver paper letters in a circus style font.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #63321f;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 of each letter, apart from K, W, X and Z, plus an '&'<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #63321f;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"Cut them free from each other and create labels for presents, greetings cards, children's party bags, table setting cards, the list is endless...."<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #63321f;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hand embossed using vintage press tools by Shelf's "friend Guido in Germany".<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #63321f;">Sheet measures approx. 220 x 110mm; e</span><span style="color: #63321f;">ach letter is approx. 25mm x 22mm</span></span></i></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Product: </b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pictorial Guide to East London</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><b>Brand: </b>Handprinted screen print, limited run of 250</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><b>Department:</b> <a href="http://www.helpyourshelf.co.uk/9-prints-posters-paintings-art" target="_blank">Prints, Posters, Paintings & Art</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Price: </b>£40.00 [Go <a href="http://www.helpyourshelf.co.uk/269-a-pictorial-guide-ot-east-london.html" target="_blank">HERE</a>!]</span></div>
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<span style="color: #63321f;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">An explorations of London's eastern reaches on
this beautiful screenprint, produced in collaboration with Telegramme.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #63321f;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">More than 40 of the East End’s most appealing
businesses are picked out in vivid red, searing yellow and solid black. From
traditional favourites E Pellici and Gardner’s Market Sundriesmen to the gent’s
outfitters with a difference, Present.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #63321f;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Decorative and informative, it will brighten
up the bleakest interior and provide inspiration to resident or visitor.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #63321f;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A three colour handprinted screen print on A2
(594 x 420 mm) 280 Metaphore cream paper. Printed in a run of of 250, each one
numbered and signed.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-74189134136839597252012-04-22T09:27:00.000+01:002012-04-22T09:27:27.889+01:00I do love a bit of scrapbooking!<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><b><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593530860232679666" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVXSAwiHmlurGn1LGThu9S6RN17ZQC9FnrtJ0b6FAl1aVo8pZfI1HP9lCjD45hP5gXTQAMgtADQ3qDhESFJ86jR9LDOIOgt_6MmJ_xVyNav2sQ8j6trfyJpFtZ8_Yest3s22pe5JFbq4Hb/s320/scrapbooktwain.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; float: right; height: 238px; margin: 0 0 10px 10px; width: 300px;" /></b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">In Context: a brief history of scrapbooking</span></span></b></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Scrapbooks gained prominence during the Renaissance. These precursors of the modern day scrapbook were called 'commonplace' or 'table' books: Hamlet writes in one the saying: "Smile and smile and be a villain" <i>(1:5, 43) </i>- the stage direction indicating that he is writing as he speaks. G. B</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Harrison notes that t</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="background-color: white;">able, or commonplace books, were actually popular devices in the early 16th century wherein "intellectual young men...recorded good sayings and notable observations."</span></span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> (</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Shakespeare, William. </span><i style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Shakespeare, the Complete Works</i><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="background-color: white;">, G. B. Harrison, ed. New York; Harcourt, Brace & World, 1952, p. 895). </span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>John Locke</b>, the philosopher, highlighted them in his manual titled: '<i>The New Method of Making Common-place Books'.</i> However, the comparison to be made between commonplace books and contemporary defined scrapbooks is found in motivation, not their aesthetic. A scrapbook utilizes a plethora of sources (<span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">actual things, scraps of paper, photos, mementos, etc.) in its end to display an underlying theme, </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">whereas a commonplace book generally consisted of quotations, as written by the complier. </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1769 saw the advent of 'Granger books', </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a development Robert DeCandido describes as "one odd turn in the history of scrapbooks",</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> when </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">William Granger </b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">published '<i>Biographical History of England'</i>, by James Granger. O</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">therwise known as 'extra-illustrated books', these books</span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">included both printed material and blank pages on which could be pasted whatever appropriate illustration the purchaser chose, an amalgamation whose popularity reached its zenith during the 19th century. </span>Pre-19th century scrapbooking also emerged state-side, with the third president of the Unite</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">d States, <b>Thomas Jefferson</b> (1743-1826) being amongst the most famous early enthusiasts.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However, the art and craft of contemporary scrapbooking sees its beginnings manifest in the early 19th century, the publication of works detailing 'how to' scrapbook: for example, John Poole's '<i>Manuscript Gleanings and Literary Scrap Book</i>' (1826), which published poems, engravings and also advised how to collect and what to do - during this time such activities became an exclusively middle class craze. </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The invention of poetry had a profound effect, with Louis-Jacques Daguerre and the daguerreotype, 1837 and the onset of the public eventually having the means to process their own pictures. Simultaneously, the mid-1800s saw the production of embossed papers that enthusiasts could use to adorn their albums. </span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Notable versions of 19th Century scrapbooks included the "carte-de-viste": albums which contained photo pockets (an increasingly popular feature), whilst also including pages for watercolour and pencil drawings. Mark Twain, being a lifelong creator and keeper of scrapbooks, in the year 1872 patented the 'self-pasting' scrapbook, of which there were 57 varieties by 1901. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsoDHibnvnIjsPPDbqWTxiS2wVY1GpAcdSykGc5Kdt4sMJpxWqBiuxaZPAvsE9FV1-joePtc6mQA2RIiP133cPWyMSj9KuD4DVinY5xptD2WcwhAnNL9ryqHosEYlqQtIm4tK11ACsQoEp/s1600/scrapbooktwain2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593530861474550946" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsoDHibnvnIjsPPDbqWTxiS2wVY1GpAcdSykGc5Kdt4sMJpxWqBiuxaZPAvsE9FV1-joePtc6mQA2RIiP133cPWyMSj9KuD4DVinY5xptD2WcwhAnNL9ryqHosEYlqQtIm4tK11ACsQoEp/s320/scrapbooktwain2.JPG" style="height: 214px; margin-top: 0px; width: 320px;" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The early 20th Century brought a lull to the pastime, with World Wars and economic depression forcing many scrapbook based merchants out of business. It was not, then, until the 1980s that scrapbooking was again an endeavor embarked upon, a growing trend that has spurred a plethora of associated paraphernalia, incorporating the now heralded 'vintage' pieces heralding to a previous age of scrapbooking enthusiasm. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY7sJsWLjGkIUVtRmL6r8e8e6HOl2-nSJU-LQjBkXT56vhF19kw7TIHlpcAQvlA1lTvW8QGAfAOtTIxKFXNWgURE-bQajagZexnXrU2a9IYxygL-_MYO_mNAcASvvjG_Ya8VQl-f3Yl1qn/s1600/1880-90+%25C2%25A3110+4.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593061796470164354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY7sJsWLjGkIUVtRmL6r8e8e6HOl2-nSJU-LQjBkXT56vhF19kw7TIHlpcAQvlA1lTvW8QGAfAOtTIxKFXNWgURE-bQajagZexnXrU2a9IYxygL-_MYO_mNAcASvvjG_Ya8VQl-f3Yl1qn/s320/1880-90+%25C2%25A3110+4.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 320px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 186px;" /></a><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;"></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"><b><i>Victorian Scrapbook</i></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"><b>(Date. 1880-90)</b></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"><b><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Britain. 4to, [9 x 11ins.] 88 Full page coloured scraps, (up to, approx' 12 per page), including Christmas cards, Birthday cards, lithographic views, etc,some marked. Original decorated gilt, spine faded...</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>£110.00</b>, from <a href="http://www.antique-maps-books.com/bbioframe-3.htm" style="font-weight: bold;">David Hulse Associates</a><b style="font-weight: normal;">.</b></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGdOghw8Lxi2zmUIvoFUQk4yKhlm9X9oqrxWdz5qV_0lZgGjoiErODhKkYFzh95wmLh-dUJo9NchQ-FGEI83Jgxy2zb6YdYkCHBa71sqnD8FYEfcZXinfMTTNRtAwEp4TS0rX22snr5vAN/s1600/Vict+scrap+album+antique+maps+book.com+%25C2%25A3120+3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593060598525597042" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGdOghw8Lxi2zmUIvoFUQk4yKhlm9X9oqrxWdz5qV_0lZgGjoiErODhKkYFzh95wmLh-dUJo9NchQ-FGEI83Jgxy2zb6YdYkCHBa71sqnD8FYEfcZXinfMTTNRtAwEp4TS0rX22snr5vAN/s320/Vict+scrap+album+antique+maps+book.com+%25C2%25A3120+3.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 140px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixNMDI5qhH477anhL5lgB8YSN6s9m7AlB9dluIVYHnagUt6QwwCq1bghzpE9WhSFRpXo53glq7CCXoNXoeburTkzXPmoRS-J8xBJHHHGXElsUv_zuNsBerDr9SJ-UXW1fC94H1ylz2nzg5/s1600/Vict+scrap+album+antique+maps+book.com+%25C2%25A3120+2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593060600625035266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixNMDI5qhH477anhL5lgB8YSN6s9m7AlB9dluIVYHnagUt6QwwCq1bghzpE9WhSFRpXo53glq7CCXoNXoeburTkzXPmoRS-J8xBJHHHGXElsUv_zuNsBerDr9SJ-UXW1fC94H1ylz2nzg5/s320/Vict+scrap+album+antique+maps+book.com+%25C2%25A3120+2.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 139px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM_4GBFqmO-fEnl9g_mBr41wOV3ptnS53soCShbo2xgsAOdSBQhJrHToW0k1ZZfSWl2knfCaOj5gXdxvi3rxVyggHNtGLYwDELF5TFoG0O9RNRR7iVqVmoT0BBicKeoZ9Nc1sLHHGXwYe2/s1600/Vict+scrap+album+antique+maps+book.com+%25C2%25A3120+4.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593060602208667170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM_4GBFqmO-fEnl9g_mBr41wOV3ptnS53soCShbo2xgsAOdSBQhJrHToW0k1ZZfSWl2knfCaOj5gXdxvi3rxVyggHNtGLYwDELF5TFoG0O9RNRR7iVqVmoT0BBicKeoZ9Nc1sLHHGXwYe2/s320/Vict+scrap+album+antique+maps+book.com+%25C2%25A3120+4.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 272px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9Czy93b4FoEHz_RRrD9DBptR0jYGYe7Wzp_u4dI2tX_SHsCJx8Yn1lKgpwAdx3HS9YgZz0kDHPakLB7J8kq3jBqGO5bsza0GQYtEMWSlaF6mz9TDd6arkXx8oC2W0ip8javJM79vF4jeS/s1600/Vict+scrap+album+antique+maps+book.com+%25C2%25A3120.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593060276645716514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9Czy93b4FoEHz_RRrD9DBptR0jYGYe7Wzp_u4dI2tX_SHsCJx8Yn1lKgpwAdx3HS9YgZz0kDHPakLB7J8kq3jBqGO5bsza0GQYtEMWSlaF6mz9TDd6arkXx8oC2W0ip8javJM79vF4jeS/s320/Vict+scrap+album+antique+maps+book.com+%25C2%25A3120.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 144px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-size: small; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: left;"></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-size: small; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: left;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Victorian Scrap Album</i></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-size: small; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: left;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(No Date, ca. 1870)</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: left;">England. Folio, [18 x 15 ins.] 46 linen leaves with<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>170 plus, chromolithographs, (colour printed) pasted on to both sides of the page,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>some slight surface loss to a few plates. The plates are taken from various children's natural history books, alphabet picture books, greeting cards, etc. "Ye Book of Scraps" " Collected and Pasted in - by Edward and Ellen Bates of Manydown Park - Hants - for the entertainment of their Grandson. Edward Bertram Bates. In the year. 1877 - Subsequently passed on to his six brothers in turn". Original half morocco gilt, boards detached. Sold from the Gyrn Castle Library, North Wales. <b>£120.00</b></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">: from <a href="http://www.antique-maps-books.com/bbioframe-3.htm">David Hulse Associates</a>.</span></span></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A Penchant for Paraphernalia</span></span></b></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Stamps</i></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw3wxqu7Iwpr-KmGtpWzlLHELChq_BNd5i4zcZGOAq6XWgDJDTQwPnh1h4vwi8zvj8i5V0gyYOUHpZ4lycu5T94wsUpU_6UJZgur14su7-6PfAnbhIdzdGrKDkhStyL_kH13PpqbI5AeFz/s1600/oak+room+animal+stamps+5.99.jpg"></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw3wxqu7Iwpr-KmGtpWzlLHELChq_BNd5i4zcZGOAq6XWgDJDTQwPnh1h4vwi8zvj8i5V0gyYOUHpZ4lycu5T94wsUpU_6UJZgur14su7-6PfAnbhIdzdGrKDkhStyL_kH13PpqbI5AeFz/s1600/oak+room+animal+stamps+5.99.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593057655631143762" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw3wxqu7Iwpr-KmGtpWzlLHELChq_BNd5i4zcZGOAq6XWgDJDTQwPnh1h4vwi8zvj8i5V0gyYOUHpZ4lycu5T94wsUpU_6UJZgur14su7-6PfAnbhIdzdGrKDkhStyL_kH13PpqbI5AeFz/s320/oak+room+animal+stamps+5.99.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 320px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><a href="http://oakroomshop.co.uk/decorativehomeandaccessories/cat5/stationary-cat5/lovely-animal-stamp-kit/">Animal Stamps</a> - £5.99</i></span><b style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA0r8HcJsIEul1ycEZODabHgYHWFKIaK09EyJe5ZF9B_M49AsddZOejcxhnufbbT6ALuRyaYNF9a3G3d5VjoV5f3u7foF_0MPbJt5SAuTk2eahmgAN1cn7iYKAgcNoDOuWtO9n7vASB5U3/s1600/alice+drinking+stampo+5.2+blade+ruber.gif"></a></b><br />
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA0r8HcJsIEul1ycEZODabHgYHWFKIaK09EyJe5ZF9B_M49AsddZOejcxhnufbbT6ALuRyaYNF9a3G3d5VjoV5f3u7foF_0MPbJt5SAuTk2eahmgAN1cn7iYKAgcNoDOuWtO9n7vASB5U3/s1600/alice+drinking+stampo+5.2+blade+ruber.gif"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593058355190519074" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA0r8HcJsIEul1ycEZODabHgYHWFKIaK09EyJe5ZF9B_M49AsddZOejcxhnufbbT6ALuRyaYNF9a3G3d5VjoV5f3u7foF_0MPbJt5SAuTk2eahmgAN1cn7iYKAgcNoDOuWtO9n7vASB5U3/s320/alice+drinking+stampo+5.2+blade+ruber.gif" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 283px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 158px;" /></a></span></b><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><a href="http://www.bladerubberstamps.co.uk/onlinesales/product.php?product_id=3&category_id=1&gallery_id=391">Alice drinking stamp</a> - £5.20</i></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTI_ZLS6w7cQTCo84N2p9Ttlp3oTXujrCm1Ejukst7_trdbyS_4upReEv9SuoJBgWgmEfzAxMYKXwCnCB0ulmuVCKvibCxP91hsJ6YlyMkxR8RmVYjm0Py3bBE-QvoU-i8sL58OdaSceRp/s1600/east+of+india+stamp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTI_ZLS6w7cQTCo84N2p9Ttlp3oTXujrCm1Ejukst7_trdbyS_4upReEv9SuoJBgWgmEfzAxMYKXwCnCB0ulmuVCKvibCxP91hsJ6YlyMkxR8RmVYjm0Py3bBE-QvoU-i8sL58OdaSceRp/s1600/east+of+india+stamp.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><a href="http://oakroomshop.co.uk/homegarden/habs/scrapbookstickersstamps/%E2%80%98to-from-%E2%80%99-rubber-stamp" target="_blank">'To-and-from Stamp'</a> - £2.50 </i><br /><b>[I direct you to <a href="http://www.oakroomshop.co.uk/" target="_blank">The Oak Room</a> to buy this simply effective <a href="http://www.eastofindia.co.uk/" target="_blank">East of India</a> manufactured rubber stamp]</b></span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifTPZEjphJzS_N78J_jeEi0_tmbaKFBfgU5TxV_iGjDxfy1Y15P5plrFDxSx6BpZrLd3Uh9hmL-PztZSRAOOMqrQ2qK8852kEMaQTBXsGQZu6rgZsFv-NtM5hz6n8hiubxWlDXrJQS6Lp0/s1600/cavallini_stamps_gs250.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifTPZEjphJzS_N78J_jeEi0_tmbaKFBfgU5TxV_iGjDxfy1Y15P5plrFDxSx6BpZrLd3Uh9hmL-PztZSRAOOMqrQ2qK8852kEMaQTBXsGQZu6rgZsFv-NtM5hz6n8hiubxWlDXrJQS6Lp0/s320/cavallini_stamps_gs250.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.papernation.co.uk/crafts-and-kits/rubber-stamping/rubber-stamps.html?gclid=CNvh1O-on6gCFchO4Qodg1kgHg">Themed stamp tins, courtesy of Cavallini</a> - <i>£18 - £20</i></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="http://www.cavallini.com/">Cavallini</a> are one of my favourite paper and print producing companies at the moment. Learn more by reading <a href="http://pandaslovechris.blogspot.com/2010/07/oh-what-delightful-stationery-cavallini.html">THIS</a> previous entry dedicated to them!]</span></b></td></tr>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Ribbon</i></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVPPqcs46w76oGM8TgkiI7iuMHRsF1wL3dkEYwWVQOLKCyJjbSQs-ULaaG0w4MsXXHQ0W90TFktRrzZTHqAPGoFjfNJMHCZg9QCWWtPhlRvdb4yXyHc7GY_VT6DRCmG0iJPBE1MS0LLTIx/s1600/oak+room+ribbon+%25C2%25A31+p.m.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593057659205772162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVPPqcs46w76oGM8TgkiI7iuMHRsF1wL3dkEYwWVQOLKCyJjbSQs-ULaaG0w4MsXXHQ0W90TFktRrzZTHqAPGoFjfNJMHCZg9QCWWtPhlRvdb4yXyHc7GY_VT6DRCmG0iJPBE1MS0LLTIx/s320/oak+room+ribbon+%25C2%25A31+p.m.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 320px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEeNkBNas-PeWPH3DmrNPB5rPzXf0jmzim_8afppjSmo8J51sBm8nYfgemfYkTPoW6_Ffr-0edX2wwDII_rk_TkOigdVYbGoZgeuEPBMjtg8Oje-_xCrqKjfcyZm-w6Oy4OiZdQgihp4_Q/s1600/ribbon2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEeNkBNas-PeWPH3DmrNPB5rPzXf0jmzim_8afppjSmo8J51sBm8nYfgemfYkTPoW6_Ffr-0edX2wwDII_rk_TkOigdVYbGoZgeuEPBMjtg8Oje-_xCrqKjfcyZm-w6Oy4OiZdQgihp4_Q/s320/ribbon2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-wyu7eb3uORHXi1eWnRujoTfJjekj73mkFgl16sKHHK9Ems3nFlr2sMMeZ3fzAFhoogkEmEvhrhqXZ0cnX1LV72xQJB7-YparvIRP5ulWjSbx0me5ZoaKG7L7oHO6pnAyUTs-ifgrqAOM/s1600/ribbon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-wyu7eb3uORHXi1eWnRujoTfJjekj73mkFgl16sKHHK9Ems3nFlr2sMMeZ3fzAFhoogkEmEvhrhqXZ0cnX1LV72xQJB7-YparvIRP5ulWjSbx0me5ZoaKG7L7oHO6pnAyUTs-ifgrqAOM/s320/ribbon.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>An amazing array of ribbon, priced from £1.00 per metre, can be found at The Oak Room's online shop! Simply click <a href="http://oakroomshop.co.uk/decorativehomeandaccessories/habs/ribbon/satin-ribbon-by-the-meter/">HERE</a> now!</i></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Reproduction traditional-style scraps</i></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmvZjaqHzsy4fbDFFW5w666Vna1McZBD0FB0pCTijvfZQWVg78RqP8GO2Le8zzbGcYsZB3PWUNoXHVG4FiGdtM144QQKPSex0MdhcivOovdEUHKK9k7IBfJ8UtmZeO-SpVwC3jzZsu3TIB/s1600/Fancy+ladies+vint+scraps+%25243.5+thelittlepinkstudio.jpg"></a><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2Ku0hL8Ryw3bI2s8ff6IprCXFWn1ew78MyCv_x5Ok97O98Qm6RjpYRCec1d-dU5Yr_I5WFbjri7LLmMkjy8Ov7B-inansSvU3H96Ktl5Kq28gez_tf2iWvryIfLEF6tgSpySI6gm0fJrf/s1600/gld+foil+oval+frame+2.75+thelittlepstudio.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593057093267231122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2Ku0hL8Ryw3bI2s8ff6IprCXFWn1ew78MyCv_x5Ok97O98Qm6RjpYRCec1d-dU5Yr_I5WFbjri7LLmMkjy8Ov7B-inansSvU3H96Ktl5Kq28gez_tf2iWvryIfLEF6tgSpySI6gm0fJrf/s320/gld+foil+oval+frame+2.75+thelittlepstudio.jpg" style="display: block; height: 256px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; width: 235px;" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.thelittlepinkstudio.com/category_25/Scraps-Foils.htm">Gold foil oval frame</a> - <i>$2.75</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDk7weMXGGbwWDnLTqLJHFErKfniJ65Lhev6jaoUrVcUrkCOnUDOfg18yWIwa5R2WYAjD3KyAJFX_pWDqgfgbBexG_lRVH6Lpygsdx73oxsLKCCIWbfHEIoZr4sEC6x0fTVsNzKKQPqgkm/s1600/Set+of+6+%25C2%25A37.50+pollocks+german.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593057650447587074" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDk7weMXGGbwWDnLTqLJHFErKfniJ65Lhev6jaoUrVcUrkCOnUDOfg18yWIwa5R2WYAjD3KyAJFX_pWDqgfgbBexG_lRVH6Lpygsdx73oxsLKCCIWbfHEIoZr4sEC6x0fTVsNzKKQPqgkm/s320/Set+of+6+%25C2%25A37.50+pollocks+german.jpg" style="display: block; height: 320px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.pollocks-coventgarden.co.uk/">Set of 6 reproduction scraps, made in Germany</a> - <i>£7.50</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593057092962404514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmvZjaqHzsy4fbDFFW5w666Vna1McZBD0FB0pCTijvfZQWVg78RqP8GO2Le8zzbGcYsZB3PWUNoXHVG4FiGdtM144QQKPSex0MdhcivOovdEUHKK9k7IBfJ8UtmZeO-SpVwC3jzZsu3TIB/s320/Fancy+ladies+vint+scraps+%25243.5+thelittlepinkstudio.jpg" style="display: block; height: 235px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; width: 314px;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.thelittlepinkstudio.com/category_25/Scraps-Foils.htm">Fancy ladies reproduction scraps</a> - <i>$3.50</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigmv8x7NM1Tq9dhZBn1eDJFvEIzuTHDhhXQajkfS6OJlhJTOTb3kTqnq_noycZ12npmWjo44DzBR06KH9qIxLfnuwj0J1dr_eXw5hUPoga4ZV9M1z-OQz764HfgFQJ3y_iMHxoLXO1OuWu/s1600/Children+playing+%25244.50+thelittlepinkstudio.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593057087199027586" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigmv8x7NM1Tq9dhZBn1eDJFvEIzuTHDhhXQajkfS6OJlhJTOTb3kTqnq_noycZ12npmWjo44DzBR06KH9qIxLfnuwj0J1dr_eXw5hUPoga4ZV9M1z-OQz764HfgFQJ3y_iMHxoLXO1OuWu/s320/Children+playing+%25244.50+thelittlepinkstudio.jpg" style="display: block; height: 228px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; width: 314px;" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.thelittlepinkstudio.com/category_25/Scraps-Foils.htm">Children playing scraps</a> - <i>$4.50</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjb7c0LxX_ToCMhjDOTPgSJZl2aosKTfhEt3a2fkTof6R6elKcZx0VJRBkIdIJWIYqsIxw1kGY7DZMir65Z3ntaMm1SiC-yJXjCuWAw1cq7NgZ6AqiNsQlD5cvba74k13shyphenhyphenbYhjzTiFpB/s1600/antique+fash+print+%25246+thelittlepst.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593057053753236626" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjb7c0LxX_ToCMhjDOTPgSJZl2aosKTfhEt3a2fkTof6R6elKcZx0VJRBkIdIJWIYqsIxw1kGY7DZMir65Z3ntaMm1SiC-yJXjCuWAw1cq7NgZ6AqiNsQlD5cvba74k13shyphenhyphenbYhjzTiFpB/s320/antique+fash+print+%25246+thelittlepst.jpg" style="display: block; height: 240px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.thelittlepinkstudio.com/category_25/Scraps-Foils.htm">Reproduction vintage fashion prints</a> - <i>$6.00</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKXyTU3ckemFCVKQ54Esc_BS0xYjNmpreDDM6dHq3b92pUTg8LdOrhuMxotTLiAjzjs5f74mmzaQJxJtLdU6qm4qPp6-RPdv4c4u09K40fadyBs5gSnrDHmUO8jSs2kdyCN59Xtdv1owD7/s1600/vintage+dance+tickets+2.75+thelittlepstudio.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593057097209729554" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKXyTU3ckemFCVKQ54Esc_BS0xYjNmpreDDM6dHq3b92pUTg8LdOrhuMxotTLiAjzjs5f74mmzaQJxJtLdU6qm4qPp6-RPdv4c4u09K40fadyBs5gSnrDHmUO8jSs2kdyCN59Xtdv1owD7/s320/vintage+dance+tickets+2.75+thelittlepstudio.jpg" style="display: block; height: 240px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.thelittlepinkstudio.com/category_25/Scraps-Foils.htm">Vintage dance tickets</a> - <i>$2.75</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">My Scrapbooking Story</span></b></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Volume I: commenced in September 2009</i></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb_cwSxqoFwTgqyMN-yO3XgL5KzgeFrX1o4ocavPwfPf_CpB0_Ntnu1sSt0VWuYuUZA0LGSnCn6cZT_Z0Hrmcg4QxtW-WUjICQNEmRxK8fIDsvtAnsQMCGeRmcsb9JXS0BSmaQAk4SeEqZ/s1600/scrapbook+pics+001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb_cwSxqoFwTgqyMN-yO3XgL5KzgeFrX1o4ocavPwfPf_CpB0_Ntnu1sSt0VWuYuUZA0LGSnCn6cZT_Z0Hrmcg4QxtW-WUjICQNEmRxK8fIDsvtAnsQMCGeRmcsb9JXS0BSmaQAk4SeEqZ/s320/scrapbook+pics+001.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggwds_jiZuV09pFaMXe2rKSFjm4ZlXYAbQQHsGOGptuAXrg0yRKaZvBgdh5xYmk0t0-yqW30KUbmAJ-kiNkOQ3endg3a32s0LOYJI0Jyg9xrL9kPv_n0lAXX6KfWybfix2DlhqG1qyy0H1/s1600/scrapbook+pics+005.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggwds_jiZuV09pFaMXe2rKSFjm4ZlXYAbQQHsGOGptuAXrg0yRKaZvBgdh5xYmk0t0-yqW30KUbmAJ-kiNkOQ3endg3a32s0LOYJI0Jyg9xrL9kPv_n0lAXX6KfWybfix2DlhqG1qyy0H1/s320/scrapbook+pics+005.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Volume II: commenced in November 2011</i></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_2MYbDYZFnExDSgJ0GtCx0ShflbRvRDHW_Mc048o7NuW5Zr3pFzf4HkYKe-v47TwagIm5OGQZ8tGkQXz5WxMQHjbSh-rnP5E4msBpuulnunivqDmxb4bzdliH_5XX5UJNa59qrE7oFd3R/s1600/scrapbook+pics+006.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_2MYbDYZFnExDSgJ0GtCx0ShflbRvRDHW_Mc048o7NuW5Zr3pFzf4HkYKe-v47TwagIm5OGQZ8tGkQXz5WxMQHjbSh-rnP5E4msBpuulnunivqDmxb4bzdliH_5XX5UJNa59qrE7oFd3R/s320/scrapbook+pics+006.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[The carry-around, some 8 months or so old and subject to whim and want]</span></b></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkcP_wfKKbdCSWbH-R_KU7aipbgXoG-TVQWU8B8Wxx5WgzN6rS4tg-eUlYm_YZqtjpEjZsNdq7XIgJ-acKvoQhFd50stPVgCUJBIWVavgWp91AsOQz4zBZrQF2A61ZkpW5fZEc77338os3/s1600/little+sb+outside.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5592987943748774898" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkcP_wfKKbdCSWbH-R_KU7aipbgXoG-TVQWU8B8Wxx5WgzN6rS4tg-eUlYm_YZqtjpEjZsNdq7XIgJ-acKvoQhFd50stPVgCUJBIWVavgWp91AsOQz4zBZrQF2A61ZkpW5fZEc77338os3/s320/little+sb+outside.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 240px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl-7F46jmMFr0fQdDTLk_Gp8kuvRxYlDm_xdj5YUwSLkgZ2-kB3r1Re0GbFmxph3JQzi8l70SGuZQW29zB3E56j97QBG4i0K4BaK70HAuE6twgH0dW60WcUE7j4L7sLBn0yeeO1qF2sz2w/s1600/little+sb+5.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5592986365312850674" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl-7F46jmMFr0fQdDTLk_Gp8kuvRxYlDm_xdj5YUwSLkgZ2-kB3r1Re0GbFmxph3JQzi8l70SGuZQW29zB3E56j97QBG4i0K4BaK70HAuE6twgH0dW60WcUE7j4L7sLBn0yeeO1qF2sz2w/s320/little+sb+5.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 240px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAdn72LgWh88ZDp9l5nbUn36YIJvlBgJ3maRyIIgZ6CrSCBB0BiBsqvbIotKV2tfQvPZmw2M0IP1aKYRWR0DNB1ExH5j6cIF6wM-IgF8RNq2Em1Po4hTzLoDXyq4uqRo1CoXh39-Qtauwm/s1600/little+sb+4+steiff.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5592986359751432402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAdn72LgWh88ZDp9l5nbUn36YIJvlBgJ3maRyIIgZ6CrSCBB0BiBsqvbIotKV2tfQvPZmw2M0IP1aKYRWR0DNB1ExH5j6cIF6wM-IgF8RNq2Em1Po4hTzLoDXyq4uqRo1CoXh39-Qtauwm/s320/little+sb+4+steiff.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 240px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlm9bN5ncZFc0dcrfQWIuRLUXzSXqbj230W81umrl-PGtR0B7OTnsnBDQ6F47gdgZxa4a46IIPIWOJpzAjabkErA-76PPcw-fmxHefBfqxTeRQoetGuKLbwjm-KEo9AGbi5anY8lZODww3/s1600/little+sb+3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5592986356493900098" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlm9bN5ncZFc0dcrfQWIuRLUXzSXqbj230W81umrl-PGtR0B7OTnsnBDQ6F47gdgZxa4a46IIPIWOJpzAjabkErA-76PPcw-fmxHefBfqxTeRQoetGuKLbwjm-KEo9AGbi5anY8lZODww3/s320/little+sb+3.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 240px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijRzIqAED74DOcFzCBQnmxZt_js7j7S3O_0MMbe6rtH3K_vbcTJO975DYl3mFsncpDb2yUf9WLxaW2H1lUzrrltRp-8QbYYoCkPdN4QOCHHYZVr0I-iCtqj401NzcjBls4EzFDWabozUaw/s1600/little+sb+2+poems.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5592986350995946594" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijRzIqAED74DOcFzCBQnmxZt_js7j7S3O_0MMbe6rtH3K_vbcTJO975DYl3mFsncpDb2yUf9WLxaW2H1lUzrrltRp-8QbYYoCkPdN4QOCHHYZVr0I-iCtqj401NzcjBls4EzFDWabozUaw/s320/little+sb+2+poems.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 240px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuK6Uf45pMR_d2OaG5wkGBarKXDpvVYapEk3EQ4YBK7Ar3s-3O5hpHR-y_ZK1ZERPAnHAMky6El8iryX8ErFbXe6pbP-IduFZnqgumt9pT4X-m2J3wzv6gag1huoG-s_lgtzF_0MoinN9I/s1600/little+sb+1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5592986346757258850" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuK6Uf45pMR_d2OaG5wkGBarKXDpvVYapEk3EQ4YBK7Ar3s-3O5hpHR-y_ZK1ZERPAnHAMky6El8iryX8ErFbXe6pbP-IduFZnqgumt9pT4X-m2J3wzv6gag1huoG-s_lgtzF_0MoinN9I/s320/little+sb+1.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 240px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGsxHe14ST1gCsDkJW0ysAp_2uRN0fl9mthbUeclvcmQhfi78XEga0g7onOum4MKlJMHo4m1nO9Pig3dCo83z-DyExMj8k4O_1VbMXQBKiLk-VYNK7KXqch16u2Bqw5jiDJkkgv9jxWPYW/s1600/IMG01376-20110407-0026.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5592982414551626738" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGsxHe14ST1gCsDkJW0ysAp_2uRN0fl9mthbUeclvcmQhfi78XEga0g7onOum4MKlJMHo4m1nO9Pig3dCo83z-DyExMj8k4O_1VbMXQBKiLk-VYNK7KXqch16u2Bqw5jiDJkkgv9jxWPYW/s320/IMG01376-20110407-0026.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 240px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL6l2HYBR1-J-NLI05RhyriFL60503uoUW7164Jde5U7OCZjJdn-PhO0bRgBQD9AUP7ofDqtJ4o2sTpRGF7Ya_hJviNLTg5GCnIdXZE5MfvczKWnXd45PByEdSzAM1J6QJgzojnPdML3-5/s1600/IMG01375-20110407-0026.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5592982410732545458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL6l2HYBR1-J-NLI05RhyriFL60503uoUW7164Jde5U7OCZjJdn-PhO0bRgBQD9AUP7ofDqtJ4o2sTpRGF7Ya_hJviNLTg5GCnIdXZE5MfvczKWnXd45PByEdSzAM1J6QJgzojnPdML3-5/s320/IMG01375-20110407-0026.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 240px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNiEOLSaqqK_5o072J63MBXbnGNPaP1jjRLjeN5uHOZ4Go84aqDsJ60v4sNMqRYGx54dNvscvdg3o6PfWOW4r5nq7Nj4M6EhE1ocHUTM2DStoBKEig9rr20QJhr004NxCcozwPcH8Exuvw/s1600/IMG01374-20110407-0026.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5592982407551402194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNiEOLSaqqK_5o072J63MBXbnGNPaP1jjRLjeN5uHOZ4Go84aqDsJ60v4sNMqRYGx54dNvscvdg3o6PfWOW4r5nq7Nj4M6EhE1ocHUTM2DStoBKEig9rr20QJhr004NxCcozwPcH8Exuvw/s320/IMG01374-20110407-0026.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 240px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<div>
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<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[A birthday card, made with accumulated odds and ends]</span></i></b></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicof2e9mL0u3BxgUisBvTEI43W20kBlTnyb23jlZkoinjNo3L4pVLFdBy2V1OsSPEZ0I3i7v5JJRJeQ7e-gBfo-SxBGonh0QSYGOD5ESw0bHJ5LOhBH-9Y0rLDyqsJSRNUnaIgAncLRd05/s1600/IMG00744-20100809-1708.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicof2e9mL0u3BxgUisBvTEI43W20kBlTnyb23jlZkoinjNo3L4pVLFdBy2V1OsSPEZ0I3i7v5JJRJeQ7e-gBfo-SxBGonh0QSYGOD5ESw0bHJ5LOhBH-9Y0rLDyqsJSRNUnaIgAncLRd05/s320/IMG00744-20100809-1708.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSKhI36v-VE2islxTVeVg5wngRMdk8rRrEcT3F5iLKrT9_57P0PfE7THnCbGqOW3ffUs798Xl3be9NTPrI96vsdCt70GGZ-gMmgsh5W1utMEOcOV4Le_xg1biEy1bwVxRqWBNZB9xkL9ab/s1600/IMG00746-20100809-1713.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSKhI36v-VE2islxTVeVg5wngRMdk8rRrEcT3F5iLKrT9_57P0PfE7THnCbGqOW3ffUs798Xl3be9NTPrI96vsdCt70GGZ-gMmgsh5W1utMEOcOV4Le_xg1biEy1bwVxRqWBNZB9xkL9ab/s320/IMG00746-20100809-1713.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">My Collection: vintage scraps pre-1960</span></b><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><b><br />
</b></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQo7EqIeDoSRAF-reNBXLTHDQTCSdDyDxyipC0IhJz6zG1w-GmZQRGqYCpc1S83JbJgjb0nwvQDWJaenAyqLMO2eU-aBGAHyObZ6peeg39D8BzdD5M1BZAbQrG0DdQhyphenhyphenzX16cCohN7TBBi/s1600/7+little+kids+scraps.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQo7EqIeDoSRAF-reNBXLTHDQTCSdDyDxyipC0IhJz6zG1w-GmZQRGqYCpc1S83JbJgjb0nwvQDWJaenAyqLMO2eU-aBGAHyObZ6peeg39D8BzdD5M1BZAbQrG0DdQhyphenhyphenzX16cCohN7TBBi/s320/7+little+kids+scraps.jpg" width="201" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>'Seven Little Kids'</b> story scraps</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNymteUP5J1bAhGQUA_TcvMLIb-04aQLa-ly5oOWcKNimDPuxxMZ4vontBr4JDsWy0JmdDlftUz2xlJwR8u9ZYWXK7o6aoEjtZhMXBa3rwiPukuANJ_vIXlspKzGS7IKN8e4Cr4Xy205Xu/s1600/brave+little+tailor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNymteUP5J1bAhGQUA_TcvMLIb-04aQLa-ly5oOWcKNimDPuxxMZ4vontBr4JDsWy0JmdDlftUz2xlJwR8u9ZYWXK7o6aoEjtZhMXBa3rwiPukuANJ_vIXlspKzGS7IKN8e4Cr4Xy205Xu/s320/brave+little+tailor.jpg" width="208" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>'The Brave Little Tailor'</b> story scraps</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeYL32TriPD7EMxBG5G4MacGOaRKfaPWUVixylP-1qZPy8BJynrAnUi7fXGQrX9kbEtJ9JQ7LM4eIrI0NDJ7t4RY_tPXMHoeDhXqpxzlWF2vWEBq9zuG0akYJb8IpT5CtO_q4b1JOCyvre/s1600/Don+Quixote+scrAPS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeYL32TriPD7EMxBG5G4MacGOaRKfaPWUVixylP-1qZPy8BJynrAnUi7fXGQrX9kbEtJ9JQ7LM4eIrI0NDJ7t4RY_tPXMHoeDhXqpxzlWF2vWEBq9zuG0akYJb8IpT5CtO_q4b1JOCyvre/s320/Don+Quixote+scrAPS.jpg" width="215" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>'Don Quixote' </b>story scraps</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg4qNIpjj-g2o5iJTL9cey_21HCX5m51AAUQHtBdKSS63Pm6ewHU8k0xPiZipTv5_-boeI7jC8FriW8zSeaUxfFOAjCKBIm76sp6MyYybDxQKa2jqcLosIKfskm7koRHRvkfzoNaIl1u14/s1600/Robinson+Crusoe+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg4qNIpjj-g2o5iJTL9cey_21HCX5m51AAUQHtBdKSS63Pm6ewHU8k0xPiZipTv5_-boeI7jC8FriW8zSeaUxfFOAjCKBIm76sp6MyYybDxQKa2jqcLosIKfskm7koRHRvkfzoNaIl1u14/s320/Robinson+Crusoe+1.jpg" width="225" /></a></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDdpYtinfeBcONgkt3HX9Os9VlnaweyT501OHowhic01bSaYA0_AmccykU9JgiKcR8wsetqDhwfeF3IdW_DCJ72fohp-lMR3NRKEtBGNyu5sCbPRs31wxwIOo_VRB4Q47bpP4cGvZ8o8AW/s1600/Robinson+Crusoe+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDdpYtinfeBcONgkt3HX9Os9VlnaweyT501OHowhic01bSaYA0_AmccykU9JgiKcR8wsetqDhwfeF3IdW_DCJ72fohp-lMR3NRKEtBGNyu5sCbPRs31wxwIOo_VRB4Q47bpP4cGvZ8o8AW/s320/Robinson+Crusoe+2.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>'Robinson Crusoe'</b> vintage scrap set - procured from Ebay</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgctsjQA6fcLPcCrkyUL2uGMyPimoEZ-BcbE1ZA3NjCe924hfXVnHrna9u5hpLZmOlaqhkfBD2JRHZEFiAmiRABsL9HzkItqAQz_OlvZ_gW91Wqwkpd4XCgso-zW-Vxn29mxKmg6p5jt-rt/s1600/wild+animal+scraps+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgctsjQA6fcLPcCrkyUL2uGMyPimoEZ-BcbE1ZA3NjCe924hfXVnHrna9u5hpLZmOlaqhkfBD2JRHZEFiAmiRABsL9HzkItqAQz_OlvZ_gW91Wqwkpd4XCgso-zW-Vxn29mxKmg6p5jt-rt/s320/wild+animal+scraps+1.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLretjuQYXYLOx43dy6D6CAzuFl-KDVrgQSegKo_GKagJCcEY3csOtZBqSdyV-tpKpeh3mBUJMCR4EZEE0nNnhTZNa6TVqCZSJOKK_Iy8KzyyNtrcQRYVfAiKbsqoes6ZjIGgon-1EyXTR/s1600/wild+animal+scraps+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLretjuQYXYLOx43dy6D6CAzuFl-KDVrgQSegKo_GKagJCcEY3csOtZBqSdyV-tpKpeh3mBUJMCR4EZEE0nNnhTZNa6TVqCZSJOKK_Iy8KzyyNtrcQRYVfAiKbsqoes6ZjIGgon-1EyXTR/s320/wild+animal+scraps+2.jpg" width="253" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>'Wild Animal'</b> vintage scrap set - procured from Ebay</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div>
<b><i><br /></i></b><br />
<b><i>For information and interest:</i></b></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrapbooking">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrapbooking</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.everything-about-scrapbooking.com/">http://www.everything-about-scrapbooking.com</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://i-heart-scrapbooking.blogspot.com/">http://i-heart-scrapbooking.blogspot.com/</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://scrapdragons.memory-works.com/index.mhtml">http://scrapdragons.memory-works.com/index.mhtml</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.pagesinprogress.blogspot.com/">http://www.pagesinprogress.blogspot.com/</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.southernbellescrapper.blogspot.com/">http://www.southernbellescrapper.blogspot.com/</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://luv2scrappp.blogspot.com/">http://luv2scrappp.blogspot.com/</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://americancrafts.typepad.com/studio/">http://americancrafts.typepad.com/studio/</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.vintagestreetmarket.com/">http://www.vintagestreetmarket.com/</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://yellowowlworkshop.blogspot.com/">http://yellowowlworkshop.blogspot.com/</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.bladerubberstamps.co.uk/">http://www.bladerubberstamps.co.uk/</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://oakroomshop.co.uk/">http://oakroomshop.co.uk/ </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.presentandcorrect.com/">www.presentandcorrect.com</a></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/www.thelittlepinkstudio.com"><br />
</a></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/www.thelittlepinkstudio.com">www.thelittlepinkstudio.com</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cavallini.com/">http://www.cavallini.com/</a></div>
<div>
<br />
<a href="http://www.papernation.co.uk/">http://www.papernation.co.uk</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.antique-maps-books.com/">http://www.antique-maps-books.com</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.well.com/~bronxbob/resume/54_7-93.html" target="_blank">'Scrapbooks, the Smiling Villains'</a>, an article written by Robert DeCandido (1993)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
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</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0London Borough of Hackney, London N16 7UN, UK51.5548686 -0.06886851.5524006 -0.0738035 51.5573366 -0.0639325tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-74008151545505835192011-07-08T08:04:00.000+01:002011-07-08T08:04:29.410+01:00Gizmos & Whatchamacallits: Paper Toys, Models and Craft<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Paper toys: do-it-yourself packs, kits and other publications:</i></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br />
</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Some five years ago I happened upon a rabbit hole, the descent down which brought me to an entirely new, fascinating world, a place entirely of paper. My travels around this new found land began with toy theatres, learning of the traditional toy's evolution from boys best-seller to wares coveted by enthusiasts ad collectors; pieces beyond the toy theatre itself, but also associated 'sheets': penny plain, twopence coloured, scenery, characters, prosceniums, plays and complete sets of all mentioned. There now exists a plethora of paraphernalia relating to toy theatres, largely, perhaps, because the articles one can acquire herald from a breadth of decades and sources, the products of the different, competitive toy theatre publishing companies whom operated, in some instances, until some 50 years hence. </span></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In a contemporary context designers and illustrators who wish to create paper goods, may they be toys, models, curiosities and the like, most generally do so through personal publication and on a low-key scale. A perfect example is Marilyn Scott-Waters (otherwise known as The Toymaker). Together with J. H. Everett, Marilyn Scott-Waters is the co-creator of the middle grade non-fiction series <i>Haunted Histories</i>, forthcoming from Henry Holt. Her recent works include the series <i>The Search for Vile Things</i> (Scholastic, Fall '08), and the paper engineering for <i>Pop & Sniff Fruit</i> (Piggy Toes Press, Spring '08). Her paper toy book series, <i>The Toymaker's Christmas</i> and <i>The Toymaker's Workshop</i>, is now available from Sterling publishing. Marilyn's award winning website receives 3000 to 7000 visitors each day, who have downloaded more than five million of her easy-to-make paper toys.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Toymaker: the paper toys of Marilyn Scott-Waters:</span></i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhovCb0iRr_UJBlEBRnLEn3t9YgYF5XZVIlEiW4KolncBq5HzK9c92SmierPA8O9Y5bdxg7ywQpywk2CXepKSg2YGhQ97HNBqRY89YKdSJ5uG2a_rHAUK0bUcuyGnGxm0zZnfAwZF64rRI/s1600/TheToyMaker.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhovCb0iRr_UJBlEBRnLEn3t9YgYF5XZVIlEiW4KolncBq5HzK9c92SmierPA8O9Y5bdxg7ywQpywk2CXepKSg2YGhQ97HNBqRY89YKdSJ5uG2a_rHAUK0bUcuyGnGxm0zZnfAwZF64rRI/s320/TheToyMaker.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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<h1 class="parseasinTitle" style="color: black; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span id="btAsinTitle" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><i>'The Toymaker: Folding Paper Toys That You Can Make Yourself: Paper Toys to Amuse and Delight'</i> (</span>2004<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">) - see online </span><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Toymaker-Folding-Paper-Yourself-Delight/dp/0975988409/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&qid=1303468961&sr=1-5" style="font-weight: normal;">HERE</a></span></span></h1></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglrtKsz5Hy5FB7rFf_qj3V9yoNufaFhB7Gm_yAExy9n8QlL-QPhpcr8WpkkQ9hpxdwQuZNW0q9ERyNs7SFPuWc90Dto9IxHR8eLUqmeiibmtgbdOqj6lGdm-kiPc17Cyzf4PY_Czp14lTN/s1600/Toymakers+Xmas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglrtKsz5Hy5FB7rFf_qj3V9yoNufaFhB7Gm_yAExy9n8QlL-QPhpcr8WpkkQ9hpxdwQuZNW0q9ERyNs7SFPuWc90Dto9IxHR8eLUqmeiibmtgbdOqj6lGdm-kiPc17Cyzf4PY_Czp14lTN/s320/Toymakers+Xmas.jpg" width="246" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>'The Toymaker's Christmas' </i>(<b>2010</b>) - see online <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Toymakers-Christmas-Marilyn-Scott-Waters/dp/1402768524/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1303468961&sr=1-2">HERE</a></span></td></tr>
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</i></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Discovering paper toys:</i></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS6wiIC-mm4Yamnw3bkj5jtpn8vj9acBS1PpBSpc13B8Zih8H7-Krv6kjNxwIl-Tdgns-lV3wkJQsgTLDQRXSIyBQkIAsSImerKfpzx7i-q5LHyyfZ73PZavtNlk2Jl1YVDwp-wa9P8JI3/s1600/puppet+theatre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS6wiIC-mm4Yamnw3bkj5jtpn8vj9acBS1PpBSpc13B8Zih8H7-Krv6kjNxwIl-Tdgns-lV3wkJQsgTLDQRXSIyBQkIAsSImerKfpzx7i-q5LHyyfZ73PZavtNlk2Jl1YVDwp-wa9P8JI3/s320/puppet+theatre.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A <i>'Puppet Theatre'</i> model, as found in Marilyn Scott Water's 2004 collection</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Going through the process with the <a href="http://www.thetoymaker.com/Toypages/48PandaPalace/48PandaPalace.html">Panda Palace</a>:</b> a particularly fun dimension to The Toymaker website is the impressive selection of free paper toys that you can make yourself. With simplicity in mind, an effective tool in introducing paper model making to novices of any age, all that needs to be done is select the toy that seems most appealing (and here one is truly spoilt for choice, with no less than 6 distinct categories of paper toy, such as <i>'Gifts & Boxes'</i>) and print. Simple. It is no wonder more than <b>SEVEN MILLION</b> free paper toys have been downloaded thus far!</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Having a fondness for pandas, I was thrilled to discover a panda themed freebie: the Panda Palace. Below I have included the free toy as presented by The Toymaker and my final product. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8WbWMveFIa9oUWuUYF9dd8jYsJypu8ePZ9egUtSEdBTSZS0aDb7EBZK6iv31tAESiKMfxfi7HyQYJbQtklZAsajcOp9ZU0lbrhMixW9B57yUAWKDeigaJhEg0y6OyhnnYYaODE5LMIg77/s1600/panda-palace.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8WbWMveFIa9oUWuUYF9dd8jYsJypu8ePZ9egUtSEdBTSZS0aDb7EBZK6iv31tAESiKMfxfi7HyQYJbQtklZAsajcOp9ZU0lbrhMixW9B57yUAWKDeigaJhEg0y6OyhnnYYaODE5LMIg77/s1600/panda-palace.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Intended final product</i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtNIrCVA8TLbswyVTfO5v8C-G9HIKT4Lu5vjGLq-QkjSfbFbLHee_Iaskc_RUgRpMyppF4FKFtYwjIQjv1oB8HxoxY3E2emCVlauWXHre504OXw4kplH7i9feEmuvk75POmO_UqWxtrDjF/s1600/Pandamania.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtNIrCVA8TLbswyVTfO5v8C-G9HIKT4Lu5vjGLq-QkjSfbFbLHee_Iaskc_RUgRpMyppF4FKFtYwjIQjv1oB8HxoxY3E2emCVlauWXHre504OXw4kplH7i9feEmuvk75POmO_UqWxtrDjF/s320/Pandamania.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>The panda characters who take residence in the Palace</i></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN4fbcBe4NuMI6RbviIu7gxqMApGc4haqS02hAYMhNlN7rpNSL4yqMepsa2CpvGnHqmE05FaeglGlIkX0MaXCFfGPsjZtcf_uK2EDiHmu26kweEoJtmtzjCJENoXKfOOL3chhqlYovUbRZ/s1600/DSC_0102.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN4fbcBe4NuMI6RbviIu7gxqMApGc4haqS02hAYMhNlN7rpNSL4yqMepsa2CpvGnHqmE05FaeglGlIkX0MaXCFfGPsjZtcf_uK2EDiHmu26kweEoJtmtzjCJENoXKfOOL3chhqlYovUbRZ/s320/DSC_0102.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">My paper toy</span></i></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE6IesKUppaAm9tTG4D8JsES4_MXLi-xdNmFv8lbn7kuVFxJd05Jces7kWr_4td2xrh58cZGDub45Nn6dLPCwa8_vrr5whQ2znPOEUeIZPhj5zjMqQx4N2MYMbZuNN8r5gSSl-7uuSEkub/s1600/DSC_0099.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE6IesKUppaAm9tTG4D8JsES4_MXLi-xdNmFv8lbn7kuVFxJd05Jces7kWr_4td2xrh58cZGDub45Nn6dLPCwa8_vrr5whQ2znPOEUeIZPhj5zjMqQx4N2MYMbZuNN8r5gSSl-7uuSEkub/s320/DSC_0099.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>My paper toy, different angle</i></span></td></tr>
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><i>EXPLORING OTHER NOTABLE GIZMOS AND WHATCHAMACALLITS:</i></span> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>1) The Peep Show:</i></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwE57IPkAhKWnlqH87q5931zfAWPTAAE5smWqtJADFqJ--LLNB9AipH1YNtEGjPe_bZzNODRYV0Ry9Tgl1liA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">A short video displaying my efforts at constructing a <i>The Toymaker</i> designed 'Peep Show' (entitled <b>A Dream Theater</b>, formulating part of the initial, 2004 publication). </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><div style="text-align: justify;">The Peep Show, a children's toy and scientific curiosity, usually consisting of a box with an eyehole, through which the viewer sees a miniature scene or stage setting, painted or constructed in perspective. Peep shows of an earlier time are often the only accurate representation of the stage design and scenery of the period.</div></div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><div style="text-align: justify;">The earliest known peep shows are the perspective views said to have been painted in transparent colours on glass and lighted from behind for various effects, from sunshine to moonlight, by <b>Leon Battista Alberti</b> in 1437.</div></div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Later models (some preserved in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna) have designs that are apparently patterned on Renaissance court masques and pageants, such as that of the discovery of Diana by Actaeon, with fully modelled figures set against a background painted in careful perspective.</div></div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><div style="text-align: justify;">In the 17th century, peep shows in their cabinets were often exhibited in the streets by itinerant showmen, and the device became a popular children's toy. Some, equipped with movable scenery and wooden or cardboard figures, developed into the juvenile [toy] theatres of the 19th century.</div></div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><div style="text-align: justify;">The peep show was also the precursor of many types of optical toys, including the stereoscope and the magic lantern. [Above information taken from <a href="http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/PEEP_SHOW.html">HERE</a>]</div></div><div style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrdc5v4LUIFTkFfTDIRoswU1AAlrNQRkyO43Rr03Elnsgz7O-apeJ7mtV3-DR_gG04YINKbGpjz4snK6Tv-ppJXPUqdENDEGrJwVuMdT3V_GXshfrShafWul8VSLBaMBSUn4A7DQqSihZ-/s1600/richard+balzer+peepshows+a+visual+history.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrdc5v4LUIFTkFfTDIRoswU1AAlrNQRkyO43Rr03Elnsgz7O-apeJ7mtV3-DR_gG04YINKbGpjz4snK6Tv-ppJXPUqdENDEGrJwVuMdT3V_GXshfrShafWul8VSLBaMBSUn4A7DQqSihZ-/s320/richard+balzer+peepshows+a+visual+history.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">'<i>Peepshows: a visual history</i>', Richard Balzer (<b>Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1998</b>) - to buy <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Peepshows-Visual-History-Richard-Balzer/dp/0810963493/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&qid=1304146500&sr=8-5">HERE</a><br />
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</tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span class="headergoldbold" style="font-weight: bold;">"</span><span class="style2" style="font-weight: bold;">Path of Destiny Peep Show </span><span class="headergoldbold" style="font-weight: bold;">"</span> </span></div><span class="body1 style69" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="body1 style69" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal;">Set off on a journey through uncharted territory in this layered look at the stages of life. Based on a popular 18th century phenomena showing perspectives of the world, this peep show brings together the thoughts of Shakespeare to modern philosophers. Where are you going? Look through the peep hole to find out! Check this product out at the source <a href="http://www.lostwonder.org/models.html#">HERE</a>!</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="body1 style69" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal;"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMyfo7y5GSq8YdNVSv2toicufm8WuTTVCmf9lrnu_PGpa6sQ5FAbNDWPnaVuZDci6U8wvQoTJOsAciEatfEnmdDtQ3PCfHLU1QoeEhJQHnaqv0L5yVLWUszzGnnhLsWxxG3p2gTOWB6WM1/s1600/peepshow+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMyfo7y5GSq8YdNVSv2toicufm8WuTTVCmf9lrnu_PGpa6sQ5FAbNDWPnaVuZDci6U8wvQoTJOsAciEatfEnmdDtQ3PCfHLU1QoeEhJQHnaqv0L5yVLWUszzGnnhLsWxxG3p2gTOWB6WM1/s320/peepshow+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0j1VDO0BC54E_D5Gv747qsu2ZdL9EUpwffSSyJGfIRtqxRnF3j5X9od_tzpx_KezlzFRBgsnvpxAgBH3raU_8Y9RUD-qz1kcuhrP1HApjmZ_LAHdVcvxvs3cI9YTLs6nQDjqrimH_QNAa/s1600/peep+show.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0j1VDO0BC54E_D5Gv747qsu2ZdL9EUpwffSSyJGfIRtqxRnF3j5X9od_tzpx_KezlzFRBgsnvpxAgBH3raU_8Y9RUD-qz1kcuhrP1HApjmZ_LAHdVcvxvs3cI9YTLs6nQDjqrimH_QNAa/s320/peep+show.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0ifv-scGOtiukHPgnhnGQIcTeze0Bt9T-vZINXKjeO2HjWfY_TIw_HiEU7PgqVxdSCpishlke0HtxHWPz9EugFLctE9AX-vFWdJ3xYS-8iH_EEgjDcGIcf6qzqImaJmBrW0YIzy1NAKhF/s1600/3D+PeepShow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0ifv-scGOtiukHPgnhnGQIcTeze0Bt9T-vZINXKjeO2HjWfY_TIw_HiEU7PgqVxdSCpishlke0HtxHWPz9EugFLctE9AX-vFWdJ3xYS-8iH_EEgjDcGIcf6qzqImaJmBrW0YIzy1NAKhF/s320/3D+PeepShow.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT6c0YY_kAZVB_3iLzu6cHvntUMc8t2l43iZeKn6n7p15_N3z-PZOi26OnrM_YHz5jtgcdIzdaUzNflAuJXSeaBspf9fscuEVPE2H5O39bBZrUMU0DzaBezMCcimxhBNvqoAmhFPeI_Qsr/s1600/peeeeep.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT6c0YY_kAZVB_3iLzu6cHvntUMc8t2l43iZeKn6n7p15_N3z-PZOi26OnrM_YHz5jtgcdIzdaUzNflAuJXSeaBspf9fscuEVPE2H5O39bBZrUMU0DzaBezMCcimxhBNvqoAmhFPeI_Qsr/s320/peeeeep.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b>Why build a model? </b></i></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"This model is an externalization of an internal model of the mind that exists only in the imagination. Building this model will aid in exercising your flabby visualization muscle. This model sits in the subconscious along with other things that effect the way we perceive and act in the world. The subconscious is like a black hole - an area of infinite density where time and space don't exist but where everything gets absorbed and is eventually spewed out again. Building this model will allow you to enter this dimension. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This model deals specifically with the dimension of time. Each little scene depicts three different aspects of evolution. 1) The figures represent our physical growth. 2) Associated with these stages are our inner developmental stages. 3) The surrounding environments in each scene represent the world at different stages of our cultural evolution. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The time spent constructing the model can be used as a meditation of this evolution. Properly proceeding through each dimension, as the model takes form, might even get you to the fifth dimension of transcendence! At least it should be useful in momentarily taking your mind off the usual day-to-day worries and cares and in the end you'll have a swell little knick-knack to gather dust on your shelf. Show it off to your friends and family , who will wonder why you built it in the first place!" </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[Directly quoted from the Model Kit 'Instructions & Reference Guide']</span> </span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>2) The Toy Theatre:</i></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><br />
</i></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b>"MUSE*A*UM"</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Now you can be the curator! Just add an artifact to complete this authentic shrine to wonder. This beautifully designed model uses tricks of perspective similar to those of Samuel van Hoogstraten. </span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Check this product out at the source </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.lostwonder.org/models.html#">HERE</a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">!</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv8RWZwpi3ZSuQscY1a4yfn1hLvbGmHc-rrkolVYYJgZmaCYZu6pcro82nF4Sedyruv6b5qv-BzsTqqGXprNZQgKZsNxjL9h-cKNHHv-RXCeNmPAuYJAkJA2dk3RLBKsGiUN4rUTCvZa0q/s1600/muse+a+um+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv8RWZwpi3ZSuQscY1a4yfn1hLvbGmHc-rrkolVYYJgZmaCYZu6pcro82nF4Sedyruv6b5qv-BzsTqqGXprNZQgKZsNxjL9h-cKNHHv-RXCeNmPAuYJAkJA2dk3RLBKsGiUN4rUTCvZa0q/s320/muse+a+um+3.jpg" width="243" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCfNflxZAHvqWVuwcV2CCwKwvUKioH_T_GaxHxJWCvM_JV1zfcSVXyTGrK_3GBRF3kG0mxikrH1p2qIZkKLW7N0MVoDW1IoYZrkDlJYiru9vx7MqZStY1XS0Cm5-ByiM6e4Nl3FrYSWlGf/s1600/muse+a+um+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCfNflxZAHvqWVuwcV2CCwKwvUKioH_T_GaxHxJWCvM_JV1zfcSVXyTGrK_3GBRF3kG0mxikrH1p2qIZkKLW7N0MVoDW1IoYZrkDlJYiru9vx7MqZStY1XS0Cm5-ByiM6e4Nl3FrYSWlGf/s320/muse+a+um+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnZ31oa0xUZTGF3Tr62H76CtKJOWJ_vy7JV3IRO3TG29UagwrlNARR-_QyD3drGv4MEJG_Ckr4753O_4P6ph_R4-VR3AfVRQBO_e89PSvZch-Ym7DnrNKB14mX_KshXqs3qT7EwN50FTIV/s1600/muse+a+um+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnZ31oa0xUZTGF3Tr62H76CtKJOWJ_vy7JV3IRO3TG29UagwrlNARR-_QyD3drGv4MEJG_Ckr4753O_4P6ph_R4-VR3AfVRQBO_e89PSvZch-Ym7DnrNKB14mX_KshXqs3qT7EwN50FTIV/s320/muse+a+um+1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Why build a model?</i></span> </b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"This model is an externalization of an internal model of the mind that exists only in the imagination. Building this model will aid in exercising your flabby visualization muscle. This model sits in the subconscious along with other things that effect the way we perceive and act in the world. The subconscious is like a black hole - an area of infinite density where time and space don't exist but where everything gets absorbed and is eventually spewed out again. Building this model will allow you to enter this dimension. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The model itself is from Tibetan Mandala paintings. Most of the mandalas you see are actually two-dimensional views of three-dimensional buildings. They are created as visualization aids for meditation, where one projects the mandala into the third dimension in the imagination. Each mandala is representative of a special realm or dimension. Once the structure is built, one enters this world and explores. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The time spent progressing through the words, pictures, and the construction of the model is like a meditation, and will useful in taking your mind off the cursory day-to-day worries, allowing you to suspend doubt and anxiety. When you're finished, you'll also have a swell little knick-knack to gather dust on your shelf. Show it to your family and friends, who will wonder why you built it in the first place!" </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[Directly quoted from the Model Kit 'Instructions & Reference Guide']</span> </span></b></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">Links: </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.thetoymaker.com/">The Toymaker's Homepage</a> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://thetoymakersjournal.blogspot.com/">The Toymaker's Journal </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.lostwonder.org/">The Museum of Lost Wonder</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-73052456098209317022011-04-22T12:57:00.001+01:002011-04-29T19:58:51.063+01:00P&C: Present & Correct<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">"Since 2003, when we were not being graphic designers, we have been cutting and pasting from our front room in London. Making paper goods and selling them far and wide. It reminded us of being small; sticking tin foil to cereal cartons and the dog, but hopefully with more professional results.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">A long-term obsession with stationery has culminated in a constantly evolving store. A selection of P&C products mixed up with handmade goods, vintage items and work by designers from all over the world.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Sourced from Seoul or picked up on the bus from Peckham: we hope that our designs, and finds, bring some fun to your desks, walls, friends and children. It might spark a distant memory, make you smile or look at the most mundane in a new, and fonder, light." [<i>quoted directly from the <a href="http://www.presentandcorrect.com/content.php?content_id=1002">ABOUT US</a> section of the Present and Correct website</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
Follow on Twitter <a href="http://twitter.com/#!/presentcorrect">NOW</a>!<br />
Befriend on Facebook <a href="http://www.facebook.com/presentandcorrect">HERE</a>!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhElskroG2Prxn2K6HIJgUbBTaCJiVt283ZK1vr2iWISnZf57E_bXINP1B13ao5qaXfMikUycg9fICkg5I80Ro993BmNjcOcMSsziYM_ec2Q2e_r1Zc1w8oYqPTPWM-qn_x9OIYoXUFwNsF/s1600/pandc+when+i+was+born+book.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhElskroG2Prxn2K6HIJgUbBTaCJiVt283ZK1vr2iWISnZf57E_bXINP1B13ao5qaXfMikUycg9fICkg5I80Ro993BmNjcOcMSsziYM_ec2Q2e_r1Zc1w8oYqPTPWM-qn_x9OIYoXUFwNsF/s320/pandc+when+i+was+born+book.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><b>'Quando eu nasci': When I was born</b></i> - The story is about a boy and all of his new experiences, like meeting dogs and going in a car (<i>hardback</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 93.95pt;"><a href="http://www.presentandcorrect.com/item.php?item_id=602&page=8&category_id=5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">£17.50</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHr7AkehX_SiRIjVBicmW1tgHaUTgL2C4t3x5mqpUm_WE8EWMLkr-LUKF3bnSVpCcuZopUKsnF2oXS11f1D9-J9EXgoo7MryDvOBM7LR39pDmktH12sC4we3Iri-t1xg6fGAOdE5NYCNRR/s1600/PandC+hungarian+craf+pk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHr7AkehX_SiRIjVBicmW1tgHaUTgL2C4t3x5mqpUm_WE8EWMLkr-LUKF3bnSVpCcuZopUKsnF2oXS11f1D9-J9EXgoo7MryDvOBM7LR39pDmktH12sC4we3Iri-t1xg6fGAOdE5NYCNRR/s320/PandC+hungarian+craf+pk.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Hungarian Craft Pack</i></b> - Excellent for their packaging alone , each Budapest sourced craft pack contains a selection of paper for your collages, wrapping, cutting or just for notes. Varying textures and tones, all fairly muted.<br />
<a href="http://www.presentandcorrect.com/item.php?item_id=930&page=3&category_id=6">£4.00</a></span> </span><o:p></o:p></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJVmHs6DTyqWwlLOy3quEB1rAEepI6pdCBAzSVmMdj1NY2B_0OO4bhlLzglOHTi_wc4BFzM-P9aDH93Ul41tL7_AraCEIm1mV2BCmCpfK1ExqlB6SA5KGnf1-mPf3vdZPlJmlVJUkK_fXi/s1600/pandc+ideas+notebook.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJVmHs6DTyqWwlLOy3quEB1rAEepI6pdCBAzSVmMdj1NY2B_0OO4bhlLzglOHTi_wc4BFzM-P9aDH93Ul41tL7_AraCEIm1mV2BCmCpfK1ExqlB6SA5KGnf1-mPf3vdZPlJmlVJUkK_fXi/s320/pandc+ideas+notebook.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><i>Ideas Notepad</i></b> - Like an elephants memory this super nice book will enable you store all of your thoughts and top ideas. The hardback paper concertina is decorated with panels of black/yellow lines and boxes, all housed in a neat slipcase. 18 panels on each side, 7x.3.5"<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><o:p> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_1779426595">£</a></o:p><a href="http://www.presentandcorrect.com/item.php?item_id=950&page=4&category_id=2">16.50</a></span></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOAPzBQm-m2MDYA3zbAt5cAAJWwHXzpzKUYs80PlmyGObLUj0O-mqnK5uoUMUEkyxRSAIuc6QaMeo2vAr_lKxLFXZWuioOinc0SwH91OhxERrRRWwWPQIZTItv9m5J0icLJ9Xkb7DkP9L1/s1600/PandC+make+a+town+kit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOAPzBQm-m2MDYA3zbAt5cAAJWwHXzpzKUYs80PlmyGObLUj0O-mqnK5uoUMUEkyxRSAIuc6QaMeo2vAr_lKxLFXZWuioOinc0SwH91OhxERrRRWwWPQIZTItv9m5J0icLJ9Xkb7DkP9L1/s320/PandC+make+a+town+kit.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Make a Town kit 1</i></b> - A wonderful little town can be made from just 4 sheets of screen printed corrugated cardboard. All of the cards and buildings have a simple, crisp look to them. It's a town we would be happy to reside in! Each sheet measures 12x13". Designed by Robert Czajka.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.presentandcorrect.com/item.php?item_id=727&category_id=7">£12.50</a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfzVK4JxqQwqpduHUphoqdU-kv2Rz4iXEjMTihQiSBKgTq1V1Tk_NuBF9Bl8cADj4KwjguSXE_x1nr7NzSBrObzYeFMzTwMwKgTR5Xgwroe7WMvIM1T9rTcEyFY_VwnnPxUW3jwQq0U11S/s1600/pandc+make+a+zoo+kit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfzVK4JxqQwqpduHUphoqdU-kv2Rz4iXEjMTihQiSBKgTq1V1Tk_NuBF9Bl8cADj4KwjguSXE_x1nr7NzSBrObzYeFMzTwMwKgTR5Xgwroe7WMvIM1T9rTcEyFY_VwnnPxUW3jwQq0U11S/s320/pandc+make+a+zoo+kit.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><b><i>Make a Zoo kit -</i></b> This Russian construction kit is unfortunately <a href="http://www.presentandcorrect.com/item.php?item_id=652&page=6&category_id=7">SOLD OUT</a> but deserves a nod nonetheless! Inside the green wallet is a set of 7 colouring cards, almost all you need to put together a cardboard menagerie for kids of all ages!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNnRnjwCmbFqPt8Ns7K_rhPo_vfUw4VEtd3GM0gITFrJuZQwrDz_CehInq0nGdB8w8YYslbZf63Y8ZasgWJo8y6NrzpGMmU2IRmLbMRGDaBMrWrRtqL6AJA3H1fXPH710aL1eZSczSiTYm/s1600/PandC+paper+bags.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNnRnjwCmbFqPt8Ns7K_rhPo_vfUw4VEtd3GM0gITFrJuZQwrDz_CehInq0nGdB8w8YYslbZf63Y8ZasgWJo8y6NrzpGMmU2IRmLbMRGDaBMrWrRtqL6AJA3H1fXPH710aL1eZSczSiTYm/s320/PandC+paper+bags.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><i>PresentandCorrect Paper Bags</i></b> - P&C have been collecting paper ephemera since they could walk, which means having accumulated an awful lot. They are bags, made of paper, full of paper. Simple really. Inside each one you will find a great selection of old tickets, stencils, labels, numbers, envelopes, stickers, paper bags, iron on motifs, postcards... and every single bag is different. An ace little gift or addition to your craft drawer.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.presentandcorrect.com/item.php?item_id=711&page=6&category_id=4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">£10.00</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKxMW9VIWJ-EX0h1__jgG7i-5AoZlzXUh_gC3B2jL7407ehUdwnFMFNfCqZZqoAH8yEjg5jQhBqfQ-h6U5Zlb2TOT5IOZ87XcIDPq5JHR1p7lNTdEReWxOetkRptcPfrVf5RYLVtkxV3NB/s1600/PandC+pop+up+forest.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKxMW9VIWJ-EX0h1__jgG7i-5AoZlzXUh_gC3B2jL7407ehUdwnFMFNfCqZZqoAH8yEjg5jQhBqfQ-h6U5Zlb2TOT5IOZ87XcIDPq5JHR1p7lNTdEReWxOetkRptcPfrVf5RYLVtkxV3NB/s320/PandC+pop+up+forest.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><i>Pop-up Forest</i></b> - Created by the same talented team as Popville, this pop up book sees the fall and rise of a lush forest full of birds and animals. Turn the pages and the forest shrinks as diggers clear it away, and then some new seeds are planted and it grows again. Clever, educational & nice to look at. Thankfully it is printed on tree friendly paper! Hardback 6x11" (<i>written in French</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.presentandcorrect.com/item.php?item_id=1007&category_id=5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">£16.50</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSrjR2rVw42ltXIONtxH68zOKIaAiSgTJlAE1ZHtOeCyOlYydDdXoWr0dXkkjgPyF2LFHwdssW9m9KwdzcDDutzfFQa0Khe7nq_5_iXVjJvmS2UjS_o9WNxdwwOpfIRHAzHlY7-LzFefwn/s1600/pandc+pop+up+town.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSrjR2rVw42ltXIONtxH68zOKIaAiSgTJlAE1ZHtOeCyOlYydDdXoWr0dXkkjgPyF2LFHwdssW9m9KwdzcDDutzfFQa0Khe7nq_5_iXVjJvmS2UjS_o9WNxdwwOpfIRHAzHlY7-LzFefwn/s320/pandc+pop+up+town.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><i>Pop-up Town</i></b> - Take a trip to Popville! With the turn of each page the pop up town will build up before your eyes. Starting with a church and some trees and ending with a full on paper metropolis. Great colours, nice detailing with the roads and vehicles. Even the bridge has string suspension! 6x11"<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.presentandcorrect.com/item.php?item_id=682&page=6&category_id=5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">£16.50</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbCEwwOIqzyvQeTKaEaZEuj4Ku9M06REVtpwP0txzAItCJRwaGzd3TyVGaz4y_6pbIXKNs1bt18WICBgTL6OMAPGjrC4qdWCvLC7OQ-VN5sTvoWmVNfhDA0bgdJ9gj1MxvZnvHqCxI0-Dm/s1600/pandc+step+jotter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbCEwwOIqzyvQeTKaEaZEuj4Ku9M06REVtpwP0txzAItCJRwaGzd3TyVGaz4y_6pbIXKNs1bt18WICBgTL6OMAPGjrC4qdWCvLC7OQ-VN5sTvoWmVNfhDA0bgdJ9gj1MxvZnvHqCxI0-Dm/s320/pandc+step+jotter.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Step Jotter</span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"> - A nifty jotter which is ready divided for your organising pleasure, all you have to do is decide on your categories! In a mustard paper with fabric binding this book is simple, useful and just dieing to be decorated! It measures 5.75x8.5" and has 60 page<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.presentandcorrect.com/item.php?item_id=724&page=5&category_id=2"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">£6.00</span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuOklGKmv7GvIiyjQyBMtCKBTUPuvih8cfBiCaTbpx0VurqoEQqQQisaFIeC_j2ngXsx2jHtbjfl38Rf1GgYC83vNuvoxK_FmPWF2uTKoLWvHnimpawvEb-jNoOTUnDhKlNwfDqasjjVOs/s1600/PandC+Vintage+index+set.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuOklGKmv7GvIiyjQyBMtCKBTUPuvih8cfBiCaTbpx0VurqoEQqQQisaFIeC_j2ngXsx2jHtbjfl38Rf1GgYC83vNuvoxK_FmPWF2uTKoLWvHnimpawvEb-jNoOTUnDhKlNwfDqasjjVOs/s320/PandC+Vintage+index+set.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><i>Vintage Index Set</i></b> - Over the past few months P&C have been collecting old index cards, of varying age, size and colour. They make really ace, personalised mailing cards. Now you can choose your initial and you will get a bundle of 5 cards for your notes, greetings etc. The cards range from 8x5" to 5x3".</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="http://xn--5-9ba.50/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">£5.50</span></a></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-31707743973590529112011-04-16T16:43:00.002+01:002011-04-16T17:42:05.561+01:00Yellow Owl Workshop: stateside stamping and paper perfection<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This San Francisco based gem create not only stunning limited edition paper goods, each article tended to by hand with expert craft and care, but an increasingly impressive range of rubber stamping sets. Proprietor, and design guru, <b>Christine Schmidt</b> has even recently published her first book</span> <b style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Print Workshop; Hand-Printing Techniques and Truly Original Projects</span> </b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;">- </span>available to order now on amazon</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Print-Workshop-Christine-Schmidt/dp/0307586545/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1302965976&sr=8-1">HERE</a>!</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Also, don't forget to follow the <a href="http://yellowowlworkshop.blogspot.com/">BLOG </a>and check out the current list of all U.K, E.U and beyond suppliers <a href="http://www.yellowowlworkshop.com/stockists.html">HERE</a>! A great place to start your Yellow Owl Workshop stamp collection, if a UK consumer, is the online shop for <i><b>Tinsmiths</b></i>, based physically in the market town of Ledbury, Herefordshire - click <a href="http://shop.tinsmiths.co.uk/accessories/kids/cat_35.html">HERE </a>to browse! </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6kR28OrPKrrWBTMFJdfRKliHB3nXIea_eaSRVYjPKO-l4Ib1FjLSIjd5NTkbyTNDOGw_-eUdWXVtU6HMnWIpM8SxPMvffIvz_rMI_N15yNv7hM_5EOyc0YMyt0ytOq5o396eEElUZjW5s/s1600/YOW+tic+tac+toe+stamp+set.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6kR28OrPKrrWBTMFJdfRKliHB3nXIea_eaSRVYjPKO-l4Ib1FjLSIjd5NTkbyTNDOGw_-eUdWXVtU6HMnWIpM8SxPMvffIvz_rMI_N15yNv7hM_5EOyc0YMyt0ytOq5o396eEElUZjW5s/s320/YOW+tic+tac+toe+stamp+set.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.yellowowlworkshop.com/stamps.html">Tic Tac Toe Stamp Set</a></span></em></div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 13px;">Set of 3 molded natural rubber stamps with thick cushion, each mounted on maple block</span></div><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Includes red ink pad with printed instructions</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></div></span> <span class="apple-style-span" style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: center;">packaged in hand-printed muslin bag</div></span> <span class="apple-style-span" style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: center;">made in US</div></span> <span class="apple-style-span" style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: center;">$19.50</div><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="apple-style-span"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF10yFfpTm8KzIRe6Y3mYaim9Ny1Ct6-37SADTxRZCkC68-NseLZZ3yzXiTBKOz3KGgeWhXzj-X-Ry9mmnadxcQ8hS6tVrZUVfUSg-TmUccQN_ffX5MKQZEbIWViUpVGkXjfWsOJX8B94c/s1600/YOW+tea+party+stamp+set.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF10yFfpTm8KzIRe6Y3mYaim9Ny1Ct6-37SADTxRZCkC68-NseLZZ3yzXiTBKOz3KGgeWhXzj-X-Ry9mmnadxcQ8hS6tVrZUVfUSg-TmUccQN_ffX5MKQZEbIWViUpVGkXjfWsOJX8B94c/s320/YOW+tea+party+stamp+set.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></em></div><div style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.yellowowlworkshop.com/stamps.html">Tea Party Stamp Set</a></span></em></div><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Set of 3 molded natural rubber stamps with thick cushion, each mounted on maple block</span></div><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">packaged in hand-printed muslin bag</span></div><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: center;">made in US</div></span> <span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: center;">$12.00 </div></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNlWSrMwcqroH0f5UZfsCSJzvBXCxpTOioGJtN-25n49v6mV5tVc9gKfuB6bRhneHpi_K-y4jPBUj9l9I1indiXZxcDrfmkekOEqAEmP0zrbWYsgv8REnDlidmPYrENLuJsjXuobtyn1pk/s1600/YOW+city+scape+stamps.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNlWSrMwcqroH0f5UZfsCSJzvBXCxpTOioGJtN-25n49v6mV5tVc9gKfuB6bRhneHpi_K-y4jPBUj9l9I1indiXZxcDrfmkekOEqAEmP0zrbWYsgv8REnDlidmPYrENLuJsjXuobtyn1pk/s320/YOW+city+scape+stamps.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.yellowowlworkshop.com/stamps.html">Cityscape Stamp Set</a></span></em></div><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Set of 5 molded natural rubber stamps with thick cushion, each mounted on maple block</span></div><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">presented in hand finished 4 x 8 inch birch box</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></span></div><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: center;">made in US</div></span> <span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: center;">$30.00<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOL6HOEYZK429ejK2IdHiK9DnLtMo3XFxDfitTvngjpGJUmyYnmfHqcmaz1zxXYxOa4VJr8A4gaC2etTP8aeVfPcf4C-ublNezXKN3_gjttnoKmaNhf2MxRmf9qK4hEZX3YYf-rnDrBDF8/s1600/Yellowowlworkshop+New+Kitten+Kraft+card.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOL6HOEYZK429ejK2IdHiK9DnLtMo3XFxDfitTvngjpGJUmyYnmfHqcmaz1zxXYxOa4VJr8A4gaC2etTP8aeVfPcf4C-ublNezXKN3_gjttnoKmaNhf2MxRmf9qK4hEZX3YYf-rnDrBDF8/s320/Yellowowlworkshop+New+Kitten+Kraft+card.jpg" width="284" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.yellowowlworkshop.com/cards2.html">New Kitten Kraft</a></span></em></div><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Limited Edition Serigraph- printed by hand</span></div><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">100% PCW recycled paper, 6.25 x 4.75 inches</span></div><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">$4.50 EACH / SET OF 5 $</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 13px;">18.00 </span></span></div></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzynX4n_5-kV6IBsOCTpBJndkwVGMA5dBGns8ndE84LQFDLnYscxN-vWiGrfaTcRjbyujfpCw_CmgsFRLV-WZHqQsk5ZHRb12ahRmptMN2zda-kxAIZ0rcsuXkKY4IftjQE39fW1Tvwla_/s1600/YOW+California+postcards.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzynX4n_5-kV6IBsOCTpBJndkwVGMA5dBGns8ndE84LQFDLnYscxN-vWiGrfaTcRjbyujfpCw_CmgsFRLV-WZHqQsk5ZHRb12ahRmptMN2zda-kxAIZ0rcsuXkKY4IftjQE39fW1Tvwla_/s320/YOW+California+postcards.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.yellowowlworkshop.com/poscards.html">California Postcard Set</a></span></em></div><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 115%;">Four postcards presented in matchbook-style cover with pencil.</span></div><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 115%;">Each 5.5 inch x 3.5 inch postcard is perforated for easy removal.</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: center;">Screen printed by hand on 100%PCW recycled cover stock.</div></span> <span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: center;">$10.00</div></span></span><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzAjzKnd6wmKiEaX8vGCwE4qzwyj-zYDrjDyDXr9g5ycNtP4zFLcMLS6zshS2Po6mwFGL2diIA3GS7hqly1yNxqjrN_OHO8nMUETwNmDSXhIYVOoQa19Sk_bqBXYWlc6XvJ6uohwlZwEPV/s1600/YOW+Print+Workshop+book.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzAjzKnd6wmKiEaX8vGCwE4qzwyj-zYDrjDyDXr9g5ycNtP4zFLcMLS6zshS2Po6mwFGL2diIA3GS7hqly1yNxqjrN_OHO8nMUETwNmDSXhIYVOoQa19Sk_bqBXYWlc6XvJ6uohwlZwEPV/s320/YOW+Print+Workshop+book.jpg" width="263" /></a></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-52292770521753842312011-04-16T10:34:00.002+01:002011-04-16T16:09:40.266+01:00Illustration: children, childhood and the impact on design<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Dan Bob Thompson</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhjSTOp-UMpR5r4x2LWcNXrk5tomySzFvVFiR-s9b7eff1zoYe1M2RjpgUKE0Khyphenhyphen0xVTv5giqeIGyInFpoOgWXgNMYEk1jr5musRWcf9QHdqevaeW9XPMgtMKtZtXgSOyuJSyvct57fQXf/s1600/inside+big+top+print+50.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhjSTOp-UMpR5r4x2LWcNXrk5tomySzFvVFiR-s9b7eff1zoYe1M2RjpgUKE0Khyphenhyphen0xVTv5giqeIGyInFpoOgWXgNMYEk1jr5musRWcf9QHdqevaeW9XPMgtMKtZtXgSOyuJSyvct57fQXf/s320/inside+big+top+print+50.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Junzo Terada</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lucia Gaggiotti </span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.artisanbiscuits.co.uk/"><b>Artisan Biscuits</b></a>: baked by hand in England.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwMMZHeMFWljk_Ptobq_x00k7S_gX572u77CEHvYImQtdll4KoAufdMBSfO__4hawU4l-eYAeb48s0-WrThheQW627MIpbADgn7HB8MB2-ErVZBl6cdWCAjlvoR-CbCoHeRrOrRr9E53GL/s1600/Lucia+gaggiotti+artisan+biscuits+based+on+aesop+fables.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwMMZHeMFWljk_Ptobq_x00k7S_gX572u77CEHvYImQtdll4KoAufdMBSfO__4hawU4l-eYAeb48s0-WrThheQW627MIpbADgn7HB8MB2-ErVZBl6cdWCAjlvoR-CbCoHeRrOrRr9E53GL/s320/Lucia+gaggiotti+artisan+biscuits+based+on+aesop+fables.gif" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Artisan biscuits based on Aesop's Fables</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjywRAR-tVNYBfjiCeMixnR8e_hQdnP_fh5Ih1uzuOZTrBB-__gw54wXAugps5Pw-y3JzL5Kmyw9N8viqgaTstCA7_iLiPBjCKfIK-4Ycu_8KhznAiBOHikXgvv1HRvrNQDMB5dmwTLtzQ9/s1600/Lucia+Gaggiotti+tortoise+hare.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjywRAR-tVNYBfjiCeMixnR8e_hQdnP_fh5Ih1uzuOZTrBB-__gw54wXAugps5Pw-y3JzL5Kmyw9N8viqgaTstCA7_iLiPBjCKfIK-4Ycu_8KhznAiBOHikXgvv1HRvrNQDMB5dmwTLtzQ9/s320/Lucia+Gaggiotti+tortoise+hare.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The Tortoise & the Hare<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYeEAzls-3DmCTHpemUBnlKOyGyuWeZG0GMrLI_zMlBGH1h2J9VDWDgzk7qiNtUBAgrtxfdZA-7W3R-y9jsPOH5xC89q1ceLryBromcm06Ri1Ede50j7JTlkc9HQVJ6DdWbY2ub1Yf6I2r/s1600/Lucia+Gaggiotti+owl+and+pussy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYeEAzls-3DmCTHpemUBnlKOyGyuWeZG0GMrLI_zMlBGH1h2J9VDWDgzk7qiNtUBAgrtxfdZA-7W3R-y9jsPOH5xC89q1ceLryBromcm06Ri1Ede50j7JTlkc9HQVJ6DdWbY2ub1Yf6I2r/s320/Lucia+Gaggiotti+owl+and+pussy.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The Owl & the Pussy Cat</span><br />
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</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.elle.it/Elle-Decor">Elle Decor</a>:</span></b></div></td></tr>
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</tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggokCrjb3jsrvUFr9dYFH6dich1lRHgKgGELIPapU179tJUwvYq00vHXl8Y7-VACotiQwyZb7OVBL2zNv4fd4sfBuw_9quBEY7klWnFnu7vAIq5v4BEE9yCx8rpRJuYxY5_yUElXJ_fqGS/s1600/elle+decor+italia+feb+2004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggokCrjb3jsrvUFr9dYFH6dich1lRHgKgGELIPapU179tJUwvYq00vHXl8Y7-VACotiQwyZb7OVBL2zNv4fd4sfBuw_9quBEY7klWnFnu7vAIq5v4BEE9yCx8rpRJuYxY5_yUElXJ_fqGS/s320/elle+decor+italia+feb+2004.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Elle Decor Italia, <b><i>February 2004</i></b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKbiTP6kec6SU4kYF2MhDOt7EEEHYHegKg2NAJa6E6tSlFe1R2w9WC0OTBCqFSokovTBNOfdvBSp5RnSREawHU2AX0uc5qyDrF0shFS2fJlW_ZatUpy1fwe9sSearAStwPtvfjHvooYANT/s1600/elle+decor+italia+july+aug+04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKbiTP6kec6SU4kYF2MhDOt7EEEHYHegKg2NAJa6E6tSlFe1R2w9WC0OTBCqFSokovTBNOfdvBSp5RnSREawHU2AX0uc5qyDrF0shFS2fJlW_ZatUpy1fwe9sSearAStwPtvfjHvooYANT/s320/elle+decor+italia+july+aug+04.jpg" width="311" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Elle Decor Italia, <b><i>July/August 2004</i></b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQVOiJT81Bd-U_ZKoNvrT8q4zA0OWKV_oPGaC-zLJWX4GNlnsYhVx4qS9z_Xdqnw8EqpyC0VUuAZLdFn9ZsLYqTPnXDt8ASSaBu7L9FvixEvXW2Qm0RUvTfiRYgfrp_AJvp6Ag8owTpQJ-/s1600/elle+decor+italia+july+aug+04+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQVOiJT81Bd-U_ZKoNvrT8q4zA0OWKV_oPGaC-zLJWX4GNlnsYhVx4qS9z_Xdqnw8EqpyC0VUuAZLdFn9ZsLYqTPnXDt8ASSaBu7L9FvixEvXW2Qm0RUvTfiRYgfrp_AJvp6Ag8owTpQJ-/s400/elle+decor+italia+july+aug+04+2.jpg" width="186" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Elle Decor Italia, <b><i>July/August 2004</i></b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjulaWtWB2cZUBM59hGCG6jLp80rCtq17lIoXsZO0t1uwt2GG9Cea2eZqedpwHaEu9xRZ-TqIgmz6pVWwC_eYu0d-eZLbtJeMc42cuLq8pirFWEk9QGQ62SVdlrJiErHlQnN2xYFatNOv5-/s1600/elle+decor+italia+may+2004+stenography+for+garden+dossier.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjulaWtWB2cZUBM59hGCG6jLp80rCtq17lIoXsZO0t1uwt2GG9Cea2eZqedpwHaEu9xRZ-TqIgmz6pVWwC_eYu0d-eZLbtJeMc42cuLq8pirFWEk9QGQ62SVdlrJiErHlQnN2xYFatNOv5-/s320/elle+decor+italia+may+2004+stenography+for+garden+dossier.gif" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Elle Decor Italia, <b><i>May 2004</i></b> - stenography for garden dossier</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtUmOP8exdAWKHVwj1cON_8c4U9cZTtr2FKzPvaqSPuO0h6rOB-D8tXpK1tu4f3c4cnCB9Cn3uFp6wSuvYMBlVVhx2DhZgQeiZPWTH95SY5M0R9AGRBKAUfqJxVHU00yvG4v27eYwTmQXd/s1600/Lucia+Gaggiotti+Elle+deco+Nov+2008.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtUmOP8exdAWKHVwj1cON_8c4U9cZTtr2FKzPvaqSPuO0h6rOB-D8tXpK1tu4f3c4cnCB9Cn3uFp6wSuvYMBlVVhx2DhZgQeiZPWTH95SY5M0R9AGRBKAUfqJxVHU00yvG4v27eYwTmQXd/s320/Lucia+Gaggiotti+Elle+deco+Nov+2008.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Elle Decor Italia, <b><i>November 2008</i></b></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Blair Lent</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimU8bq9d_B-msT8X5qvBdH0o7l59p9G8ha3p62Qt7SN8tN2S70fqoW3j9oRROsZKOtvILRg1k5nTr8bOPNtSmHih4tgHgJS3P-I3942_Uqudwg6V3PwobiVd_He9LY2GnG3thUy4LaeN_6/s1600/Tikki+Tikki+Tembo+retold+Arlene+Mosel+illust+Blair+Lent+1968.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimU8bq9d_B-msT8X5qvBdH0o7l59p9G8ha3p62Qt7SN8tN2S70fqoW3j9oRROsZKOtvILRg1k5nTr8bOPNtSmHih4tgHgJS3P-I3942_Uqudwg6V3PwobiVd_He9LY2GnG3thUy4LaeN_6/s320/Tikki+Tikki+Tembo+retold+Arlene+Mosel+illust+Blair+Lent+1968.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><i>Tikki Tikki Tembo</i> (<b>1968</b>) - Arlene Mosel (Author) & Blair Lent (Illustrator)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJO7MSwdgTEyyUA0WlGeteTzZxXhy6aL8-VeZJXuiTH71in2OWJVKyNLSCwVkOJ0nObhKkJ5dHMTJIdvfsYmaJZ5peU0FQrZmYVawZmNaak8kw7zoovmcMVKDis7H4rEG7jL6WHpKib4nz/s1600/Blair+Lent.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJO7MSwdgTEyyUA0WlGeteTzZxXhy6aL8-VeZJXuiTH71in2OWJVKyNLSCwVkOJ0nObhKkJ5dHMTJIdvfsYmaJZ5peU0FQrZmYVawZmNaak8kw7zoovmcMVKDis7H4rEG7jL6WHpKib4nz/s320/Blair+Lent.JPG" width="240" /></a><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6Ig-FfwOeHFvqiO0Ej8_f2yNZU4DtKKe9ChH6Kwlf2l6TwkCSeZeg_DxvWQWTa_aHZctdQbWolIxbr7ge73hd98GzqtmIB5ujN5H2ik8aAhwObtqNaM0HseiFBAPW9dMTYNMJVrdwf00J/s1600/blair+lent+from+the+wave.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6Ig-FfwOeHFvqiO0Ej8_f2yNZU4DtKKe9ChH6Kwlf2l6TwkCSeZeg_DxvWQWTa_aHZctdQbWolIxbr7ge73hd98GzqtmIB5ujN5H2ik8aAhwObtqNaM0HseiFBAPW9dMTYNMJVrdwf00J/s320/blair+lent+from+the+wave.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4WWvaCBRoZvFgl_Q9VbcMWG1VpROnIACQ7l6ySPhyYcuIyUTcaoc1mNJrUBK-ES7NARRxXXiUdpohgUaoUycz5DmqG6JIZZYhyl6YOAmsNnyYvx0TuqCoLnHDoFP_ZrSqpsXgjvhEz6av/s1600/blair+lent+house.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4WWvaCBRoZvFgl_Q9VbcMWG1VpROnIACQ7l6ySPhyYcuIyUTcaoc1mNJrUBK-ES7NARRxXXiUdpohgUaoUycz5DmqG6JIZZYhyl6YOAmsNnyYvx0TuqCoLnHDoFP_ZrSqpsXgjvhEz6av/s320/blair+lent+house.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd7jDTmWC1RgM82D7WQzubdMu6j9qZ7hDHJy9zPFY-qQkUme2qaHLBHMo8O-LFTrWPKSeCx62rrtbnl5TEwQ2y3Vq4w4wydGeryhGhvWIZQAzbRAqtFZSnMVwTYFFDVLwuKlRfiyky9CEE/s1600/Blair+Lent+the+wave.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd7jDTmWC1RgM82D7WQzubdMu6j9qZ7hDHJy9zPFY-qQkUme2qaHLBHMo8O-LFTrWPKSeCx62rrtbnl5TEwQ2y3Vq4w4wydGeryhGhvWIZQAzbRAqtFZSnMVwTYFFDVLwuKlRfiyky9CEE/s1600/Blair+Lent+the+wave.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><i>The Wave</i> (<b>1964</b>) - Margaret Hodges (Author) & Blair Lent (Illustrator)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOc3sg_87iQ7QIpcO2QM9ck7Njd787sVSCM3UFks5D8wgqtLpXey_TNXx4kPuJbR77rqS5anzoNxYb4iAuteIpY23wy5ZiZ4dwbDeRxkV3qunoCuGDI21yJqxClpJ96Hcq_CkME4JSJJjw/s1600/blair+lent+why+the+sun+and+moon+live+sky+african+folk+tale+by+elphinstone+dayrell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOc3sg_87iQ7QIpcO2QM9ck7Njd787sVSCM3UFks5D8wgqtLpXey_TNXx4kPuJbR77rqS5anzoNxYb4iAuteIpY23wy5ZiZ4dwbDeRxkV3qunoCuGDI21yJqxClpJ96Hcq_CkME4JSJJjw/s1600/blair+lent+why+the+sun+and+moon+live+sky+african+folk+tale+by+elphinstone+dayrell.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><i>Why the Sun and the Moon Live in the Sky</i> (<b>1968</b>) - Elphinstone Dayrell (Author) & Blair Lent (Illustrator)</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</div></div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-42140446950148389522011-04-15T20:36:00.001+01:002011-04-15T20:42:16.523+01:00Transplant recipient holding bar mitzvah for his liver - Healthzone.ca<div style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 21px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>“Participating in organ transplants as a donor or a recipient is an important obligation for Jews,” she says.</i></span></div><div style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 21px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Bialystok contracted hepatitis C as an infant when he was inoculated against smallpox in unsanitary conditions in his native Poland.</i></span></div><div style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 21px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>“I was at death’s door,” he says, referring to the time immediately prior to his 1998 transplant.</i></span></div><div style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 21px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>At the time, he suffered from muscle cramps that left him “writhing in agony,” severe fatigue, kidney problems and fluid retention.</i></span></div><div style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 21px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>The father of two and grandfather of three has always considered May 1 to be his “rebirthday.” So naturally the topic of his sermon at the bar mitzvah will be rebirth.</i></span></div><div style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 21px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>“People who have transplants have two birthdays,” he exclaims.</i></span></div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Learn all by clicking the following link: </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.healthzone.ca/health/newsfeatures/organdonation/article/974493--transplant-recipient-holding-bar-mitzvah-for-his-liver"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Transplant recipient holding bar mitzvah for his liver - Healthzone.ca</span></a></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-82998480300063427512011-04-08T05:21:00.006+01:002011-04-15T02:29:43.220+01:00Just some of my 'stuff'<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy7S1_M29Q8Ksc3XeN54aJjfhk7BQM-q8uYRaYsd4u5oJK1d05GNPVHrocCjMfbSO9PNJk7sI4syLLc64-TOJw08wST5BAcUwSjmDUHcx52gky86X1wVnLcxitdFv8bycJQu9TWK2C__-R/s1600/DSC_0096.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 212px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy7S1_M29Q8Ksc3XeN54aJjfhk7BQM-q8uYRaYsd4u5oJK1d05GNPVHrocCjMfbSO9PNJk7sI4syLLc64-TOJw08wST5BAcUwSjmDUHcx52gky86X1wVnLcxitdFv8bycJQu9TWK2C__-R/s320/DSC_0096.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593064866565445938" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi571tS0CFFQiCkA7zAd1T7kdBhncQTAtAR_m9a5LACTE7JFj82anaSdM4TT5Tv2qlsk-wg-3UfmIVklxBtlhEVUS4cYPINRFt4UZGITy12CMD5o-_b0V4MIp_wnRm_bUpYxR9OqnNZe70Z/s1600/DSC_0092.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 212px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi571tS0CFFQiCkA7zAd1T7kdBhncQTAtAR_m9a5LACTE7JFj82anaSdM4TT5Tv2qlsk-wg-3UfmIVklxBtlhEVUS4cYPINRFt4UZGITy12CMD5o-_b0V4MIp_wnRm_bUpYxR9OqnNZe70Z/s320/DSC_0092.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593064861887781090" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmxeSvXcCGxNFAIb1VWzQZ9-QOt1JDUl3Q41JaMCC13DdVYjIu051O8WGcGVHSFqVzcJl9ixrFXOaviikNTpOQCmS0RS6HS-RFEz4_RQXh7Gx6w7_jVDsafM7Hf-xT_q6-Y3xsx8gHboxl/s1600/DSC_0090.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 212px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmxeSvXcCGxNFAIb1VWzQZ9-QOt1JDUl3Q41JaMCC13DdVYjIu051O8WGcGVHSFqVzcJl9ixrFXOaviikNTpOQCmS0RS6HS-RFEz4_RQXh7Gx6w7_jVDsafM7Hf-xT_q6-Y3xsx8gHboxl/s320/DSC_0090.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593064855736134482" border="0" /></a><br /><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihyskpVBJ8ppUx_0q2tRvCsMQD-pcv1v0yc_mBOt1iJN-Y6XpZjjjHVxMSSXxMQXHbD2p_sHNpU6pUBsWat4zc-6CqVyFbCuI3shUtChdcLlJnRQM8v75nCgWYKfil7MVOo8YbBVqv4M2F/s320/DSC_0098.JPG" style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 212px; height: 320px;" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593064868032479122" border="0" /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b>Pandas in the kitchen</b> - just some of my panda paraphernalia that I have displayed in the kitchen. For more about me and pandas, visit my panda blog: </span><a href="www.pandasareawwwwsome.blogspot.com"><span class="Apple-style-span" >Pandas are awwwwsom</span>e</a></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj__dm_tIiMJOQnwxqC9816QawE3ra_qp6Pa0eJyi-arxwPpxIunsmPo6zDfeR_lJslZtk-cD02yXr3HSiHYgcLhLz0tx9yTdltUS5-uSt_C8UtWOcw6oB5wslIXa8Lqg51cczsbRjKMOhe/s1600/DSC_0088.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj__dm_tIiMJOQnwxqC9816QawE3ra_qp6Pa0eJyi-arxwPpxIunsmPo6zDfeR_lJslZtk-cD02yXr3HSiHYgcLhLz0tx9yTdltUS5-uSt_C8UtWOcw6oB5wslIXa8Lqg51cczsbRjKMOhe/s1600/DSC_0088.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="text-align: left;display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 212px; " src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj__dm_tIiMJOQnwxqC9816QawE3ra_qp6Pa0eJyi-arxwPpxIunsmPo6zDfeR_lJslZtk-cD02yXr3HSiHYgcLhLz0tx9yTdltUS5-uSt_C8UtWOcw6oB5wslIXa8Lqg51cczsbRjKMOhe/s320/DSC_0088.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593064852202545202" border="0" /></a><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoyK5gR9eJxd8GjBDw_d44u3iT8Umr0qU50iU01Pc_tCxaiG4z0kN4bDivJvxIYa0h6Yx7wyYtjWPnpMOKSsCQMnUzrkvZUOlckVQ2JU_sMPFjHgBlEFOJBUuGSQDxUjUWxxsG3vkqoqqd/s320/DSC_0085.JPG" style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 212px;" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593064344659514914" border="0" /><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b>Antique glass syringe</b> - my grandmother was a nurse, with some of my earliest memories being built around the degree of respect she commanded (her professional persona existing in the highest tier of the nursing hierarchy, a fact I was not in the least shocked to learn), and govern nowhere more conspicuously than that veritable apothecary treat that was in fact Grandma's abode: ointments, creams, oils, bandages, grips, tubes, wipes, serums, in a manner of different shapes and sizes, yet all seemingly able to remedy any quandary a boy of 4, 5, 6 and more could conjure.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "> </span></div></b></div><div><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfs0aG_VSriPek6J-oIOR7Dkue2WxlRRgXaiU-oAUS3vlOX6-4_bUKSzahbnn9ARhfkDh03MYpKMnU7CiDYyqTGriccfAfyT9g3Uxx86ezZi8XJJ35a-FRRkpCkVDUEdcPgC_CSgwi1ZM9/s1600/DSC_0083.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfs0aG_VSriPek6J-oIOR7Dkue2WxlRRgXaiU-oAUS3vlOX6-4_bUKSzahbnn9ARhfkDh03MYpKMnU7CiDYyqTGriccfAfyT9g3Uxx86ezZi8XJJ35a-FRRkpCkVDUEdcPgC_CSgwi1ZM9/s1600/DSC_0083.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="text-align: left;display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 212px; " src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfs0aG_VSriPek6J-oIOR7Dkue2WxlRRgXaiU-oAUS3vlOX6-4_bUKSzahbnn9ARhfkDh03MYpKMnU7CiDYyqTGriccfAfyT9g3Uxx86ezZi8XJJ35a-FRRkpCkVDUEdcPgC_CSgwi1ZM9/s320/DSC_0083.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593064347255530738" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWP-B3-oGX47WZBytPe0OKWUXE5yRLFETt_laR6x3bZzGYVuSdi0eaLk_GWlLUPf5FfiOVLGEcj55Ex7GWQewN9dmrA03Ae-IQvsXJ1EuomRjwL7iBNvhxTd-iCntABtoa8HB50ip-w9Iw/s1600/DSC_0081.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 212px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWP-B3-oGX47WZBytPe0OKWUXE5yRLFETt_laR6x3bZzGYVuSdi0eaLk_GWlLUPf5FfiOVLGEcj55Ex7GWQewN9dmrA03Ae-IQvsXJ1EuomRjwL7iBNvhxTd-iCntABtoa8HB50ip-w9Iw/s320/DSC_0081.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593064341405138082" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd3kiPvTG6LhpUTcT1Rtsh2LTXieeansv8i_HQYtaqZxnppyJLm0WMKrtW8pRrzSn1YQywSz57_OzK_GcQ1nUhof0Y4YTIuo0c3FK2bmbpSdaMCBMkKpyX8xjAozKEBBQj0Kl03y6RGYMM/s1600/DSC_0078.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 212px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd3kiPvTG6LhpUTcT1Rtsh2LTXieeansv8i_HQYtaqZxnppyJLm0WMKrtW8pRrzSn1YQywSz57_OzK_GcQ1nUhof0Y4YTIuo0c3FK2bmbpSdaMCBMkKpyX8xjAozKEBBQj0Kl03y6RGYMM/s320/DSC_0078.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593064335496192850" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAuhP8tz9lr_wJlhn_V-ByI6qKbPVhvEkrYq1LPrKkxvWy0qV8iDTMu4cWKbwxG7_GSV6-QqMSBGuzf1O3NSZ-XYq-7dNX4aw3x03bM8-j3a_Udy3ciuKXLdd0D44m8SoYaijaPn5u45Gc/s1600/DSC_0076.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 212px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAuhP8tz9lr_wJlhn_V-ByI6qKbPVhvEkrYq1LPrKkxvWy0qV8iDTMu4cWKbwxG7_GSV6-QqMSBGuzf1O3NSZ-XYq-7dNX4aw3x03bM8-j3a_Udy3ciuKXLdd0D44m8SoYaijaPn5u45Gc/s320/DSC_0076.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593064332522817842" border="0" /></a><div style="text-align: justify;">I procured this amazing lazer-cut, flat-pack, easy-to-assemble American style garage for a mere £12.95 some 3 or more years ago - however, subsequent stock became much more inflated in price and eventually became discontinued! A pity indeed! </div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The producer of this amazing paper novelty is Oregon based <b>Ilisha Helfman</b> (clicking <a href="http://sundaymagazinepaperdoll.wordpress.com/">HERE </a>will send you directly to her blog <i>'Sunday Magazine Paper Doll Challenge'</i>). The complete and current catalogue of other fantastic wares (please peruse her online store <a href="http://leafpdx.bigcartel.com/products">HERE</a>) is equally astounding, partial personally towards the <i><a href="http://leafpdx.bigcartel.com/product/emily-s-dollhouse-a-fully-assembled-pop-up-cardboard-dollhouse-with-all-accessories-1-2-scale">Emily's Dollshouse with all accessories'</a></i> for a mere $85.00. The downside, I am heart-broken to remind, is that it seems rather difficult to locate UK vendors PLUS, upon doing so, such detective work will most likely yield products with a <b>£</b> retail price much augmented to the <b>$</b> price one need pay when buying the same product on 'home turf'.</div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-58392421031343893572011-04-08T05:19:00.001+01:002011-04-08T05:24:03.983+01:00Pamela Anderson's 'Cruelty doesn't FLY'<embed src="http://www.mediapeta.com/videoplayer/video.swf?v=pam_cdf_peta_high,stolen_for_fashion_std_high,whose_skin_are_you_in-peta-peta2_high_high" quality="high" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="335" height="255" allowScriptAccess="always"></embed><br /><a href="http://features.peta.org/crueltydoesntfly/default.asp?c=pcdfec09">'Cruelty Doesn't Fly'—Learn More at PETA.org.</a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-90615330306332623512011-04-08T04:56:00.001+01:002011-04-08T05:07:40.132+01:00C is for Christopher, the boy whom the pandas did love<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjudSiTrdfeeFHXEVmfSJLLnEt2PYFCXw3CTjLgoKCX_CH1q3cikSwnIg8Az_ujZnqylJ2uzQO4RgjUUb41ji-chn2adRkcciZBWfj0uYydjArRB6q3iQu6QuSGnWXSppfoAGGD1_faulDk/s1600/IMG00381-20100708-2237.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjudSiTrdfeeFHXEVmfSJLLnEt2PYFCXw3CTjLgoKCX_CH1q3cikSwnIg8Az_ujZnqylJ2uzQO4RgjUUb41ji-chn2adRkcciZBWfj0uYydjArRB6q3iQu6QuSGnWXSppfoAGGD1_faulDk/s320/IMG00381-20100708-2237.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593059451942365202" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1OUg7P9YThb1Uz-MTwsB-w9EGXNqGMoWOhbasxTrZOVD_NtyG3cyAN57W60GAnB3UmFPbkqO0JJmaD-s9qXN4WmItOsekYGb9yLH5JTOXZ_kdwdFocyFiVRgJJwpydtgkS61bAwYTsbZt/s1600/IMG00376-20100708-2234.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1OUg7P9YThb1Uz-MTwsB-w9EGXNqGMoWOhbasxTrZOVD_NtyG3cyAN57W60GAnB3UmFPbkqO0JJmaD-s9qXN4WmItOsekYGb9yLH5JTOXZ_kdwdFocyFiVRgJJwpydtgkS61bAwYTsbZt/s320/IMG00376-20100708-2234.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593059451058889426" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUMGmTa02gv9lYTD4-M8MnoAyVKMwH9qJlTnoWUAnSyeMYzoCG5JuQVxfYbHZT1azfWSGLNbgkiDp4nq7nX-X41w6ztECxSFe1h_OP3y_DEoK0CR4lLAn79YcQgAyam0UOIszJ4c4_Cmjr/s1600/Copy+of+CNV00015.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 214px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUMGmTa02gv9lYTD4-M8MnoAyVKMwH9qJlTnoWUAnSyeMYzoCG5JuQVxfYbHZT1azfWSGLNbgkiDp4nq7nX-X41w6ztECxSFe1h_OP3y_DEoK0CR4lLAn79YcQgAyam0UOIszJ4c4_Cmjr/s320/Copy+of+CNV00015.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593059440160085266" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_qr8V1GttrXq-aupd8Cmc7BgnOi36cO3qVRoSCYpxllqFJFEhQtxtq6dw-XVgm3pM8YofTU0g4x2VAq1ICKuhfgDTQjVoaXBwGfA2mRPbOiWofUPbaULS5d17vT7Ti2n-i2g_dy514fLU/s1600/candle+c.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_qr8V1GttrXq-aupd8Cmc7BgnOi36cO3qVRoSCYpxllqFJFEhQtxtq6dw-XVgm3pM8YofTU0g4x2VAq1ICKuhfgDTQjVoaXBwGfA2mRPbOiWofUPbaULS5d17vT7Ti2n-i2g_dy514fLU/s320/candle+c.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593059440534399058" /></a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-5295502235832704162011-04-08T04:54:00.004+01:002011-04-08T21:07:32.759+01:00Personal collection: Puffin Picture books<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFkU8ST7MGPA7zHVc3n4DiHeRBlBNz83l_AIoGxGH6AmU0M9zIDdz4HTi3qet5N0Y-eY81Dxvskn4EY2HB_lqykCdghRTVe3tGowJT98EUk3O8YLwNqymjSaUDs4dUzjj4PW_pgLwEuPcU/s1600/The+Building+of+London+1945.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFkU8ST7MGPA7zHVc3n4DiHeRBlBNz83l_AIoGxGH6AmU0M9zIDdz4HTi3qet5N0Y-eY81Dxvskn4EY2HB_lqykCdghRTVe3tGowJT98EUk3O8YLwNqymjSaUDs4dUzjj4PW_pgLwEuPcU/s320/The+Building+of+London+1945.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593063461627410146" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" ><div style="text-align: center;"><b>1945</b></div></span><div><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLrERPRpjrnMB8Ie_aherdyozyNbYV5dI_SUF-9H6Kn_d_WOugHgJIABaQ29rsl4GlDN6ZMZFHZ0j3zAPcTawKIWLC705kSH-H6dZXy7tNQla4PQkTiK3YX-qATbt114pIjcsmfchMKIgf/s1600/story+of+ming+1944.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 247px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLrERPRpjrnMB8Ie_aherdyozyNbYV5dI_SUF-9H6Kn_d_WOugHgJIABaQ29rsl4GlDN6ZMZFHZ0j3zAPcTawKIWLC705kSH-H6dZXy7tNQla4PQkTiK3YX-qATbt114pIjcsmfchMKIgf/s320/story+of+ming+1944.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593063457767899314" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" >1944</span></b></div><div><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO7zERv7vNbZGrFWFIIRHSAwwVaISNhBN1ugQhOgCeM6hbUmIqqCq5eM7R71Sh19QyvDNj_mjDDkpNdR5B93ui21vo1sAx96ft5RJxr4xjOJRTXpw5cgCtrhFkgP3veO0-QxVAnonZS8RX/s1600/noah+and+the+flood+1946.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 247px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO7zERv7vNbZGrFWFIIRHSAwwVaISNhBN1ugQhOgCeM6hbUmIqqCq5eM7R71Sh19QyvDNj_mjDDkpNdR5B93ui21vo1sAx96ft5RJxr4xjOJRTXpw5cgCtrhFkgP3veO0-QxVAnonZS8RX/s320/noah+and+the+flood+1946.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593063455868822194" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" >1946</span></b></div><div><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlGDaZROhAdsgM8WdDyW-Zd4m82RttxMd8qGhhs5A2U00s1uwhZZjoIOsSJ8hECPXSKAilB1_WjVsRuXuSxbUyP42rIXnx1Hk1FJ8YMc_RkXxbSUAc8SM3F5UxjYv-uBVQDwz_AcEo3p9i/s1600/make+your+own+zoo+part+1+1945.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 250px; height: 205px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlGDaZROhAdsgM8WdDyW-Zd4m82RttxMd8qGhhs5A2U00s1uwhZZjoIOsSJ8hECPXSKAilB1_WjVsRuXuSxbUyP42rIXnx1Hk1FJ8YMc_RkXxbSUAc8SM3F5UxjYv-uBVQDwz_AcEo3p9i/s320/make+your+own+zoo+part+1+1945.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593063453963063890" /></a><b><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" >1945</span></b></span></div></b><div><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqYjs47GN_wdk6gF-Z5pf2PSwO4NBZq6spTesrIaYvf9p1oqSOxUyIt3Pq6mRGzN1aEB7hq475GPOxCrhnTqJyLTEMbMSA9jOW9M1bqp0QwqEgbI2C34Ru9GMbq66RfBTsQWC378Ubzk46/s1600/book+of+rigmaroles+1945.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 245px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqYjs47GN_wdk6gF-Z5pf2PSwO4NBZq6spTesrIaYvf9p1oqSOxUyIt3Pq6mRGzN1aEB7hq475GPOxCrhnTqJyLTEMbMSA9jOW9M1bqp0QwqEgbI2C34Ru9GMbq66RfBTsQWC378Ubzk46/s320/book+of+rigmaroles+1945.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593063353932339970" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b>1945</b></span></div><div><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRyuQ6tAAPkFZEmVOWltE4DB2T8M0G3kW7I7jxw3fAPS1UvIMfP0K7YKHH24HO7LUNh7XNSDvAITwygkCTtwHz88zjd29mJhTZz1QmqNbCrW8XseEhSFj8PwFMeAK-eAYhApYMKp7OOmhy/s1600/animals+of+india.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRyuQ6tAAPkFZEmVOWltE4DB2T8M0G3kW7I7jxw3fAPS1UvIMfP0K7YKHH24HO7LUNh7XNSDvAITwygkCTtwHz88zjd29mJhTZz1QmqNbCrW8XseEhSFj8PwFMeAK-eAYhApYMKp7OOmhy/s320/animals+of+india.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593063351387942594" /></a><b><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" >1942</span></b></span></div></b></div><div><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ9901dyQcOLzEznAX4glVnPra537T-TF5HkA8S1dQE81Jt0CIBKIeVKEMKziRupPZe9TvarhuLqd0wxG-htgpJIAqi0xdOPwQmqPC61RmylrJruwwBrcN2JSL2vxxA3kSqv_I74SVkf8Y/s1600/a+history+of+the+countryside+1946.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ9901dyQcOLzEznAX4glVnPra537T-TF5HkA8S1dQE81Jt0CIBKIeVKEMKziRupPZe9TvarhuLqd0wxG-htgpJIAqi0xdOPwQmqPC61RmylrJruwwBrcN2JSL2vxxA3kSqv_I74SVkf8Y/s320/a+history+of+the+countryside+1946.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593063344714920690" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" ><div style="text-align: center;"><b>1946</b></div></span><div><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcp_ODkPlc778TpkCxmVwZYLkXT33gyavqVCLjZiyRcj8GkdxBk6LJIZrIfXMuLowBRZ-u_jeJwMpkrDmJixbBnB8-AxxhshTYQ9EmhqK4hXPZXcQk15MmglsiMCjl2mFQiBLATm0Xlo0E/s1600/72-the-story-of-tea+1948.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 246px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcp_ODkPlc778TpkCxmVwZYLkXT33gyavqVCLjZiyRcj8GkdxBk6LJIZrIfXMuLowBRZ-u_jeJwMpkrDmJixbBnB8-AxxhshTYQ9EmhqK4hXPZXcQk15MmglsiMCjl2mFQiBLATm0Xlo0E/s320/72-the-story-of-tea+1948.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593063346391417826" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large; "><b>1948</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Se-QRl5aftGLwTZrU9vz3eu1N3818iE-AWhrYYENx2c9Bl2GC2SouvsyAN9qc7rOo-YapgNtVKUpo_JfZkjr8o30W5O54rurmbe4qBFUKz6W6KU2PhGXruLVQlFdH6_DPhO8ec-jQPCm/s320/34-brer_rabbit%2528s%2529.jpg" style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 247px; height: 200px;" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593063344425456290" /></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b>1945</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-68895481918690847152011-03-28T17:52:00.002+01:002011-04-02T08:24:13.390+01:00Libertine Libertine Hunter Checked ShirtI LOVE CHECKED SHIRTS! ....for example: <a href="http://www.ideologyboutique.co.uk/product_desc.php?id=711">Libertine Libertine Hunter Checked Shirt</a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-89971228099592532152011-03-27T18:43:00.001+01:002011-03-27T18:45:23.133+01:00I would really like..<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQJHyMgIuregwbT_5WvV67DLtnvO4Q72owwaCwBScRmMBw_s6lNNYHKI11pAlk3nXPuEvlx0TjCuFGTvI1TDdV_XJBzXkpkr6533HvqRPMAxbltblvZZi3oHWZTqQhR9UY_zH-o037JC5d/s1600/belleandboocushion.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 254px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQJHyMgIuregwbT_5WvV67DLtnvO4Q72owwaCwBScRmMBw_s6lNNYHKI11pAlk3nXPuEvlx0TjCuFGTvI1TDdV_XJBzXkpkr6533HvqRPMAxbltblvZZi3oHWZTqQhR9UY_zH-o037JC5d/s320/belleandboocushion.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5588817212517322482" /></a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-11214754006093970782011-02-13T12:44:00.002+00:002011-02-13T12:46:05.200+00:00Bibliography<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES">Ameng, Wuxia, (ed.), <i>Duanxiu pian </i><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on"><span lang="EN-GB">Bell</span></st1:city></st1:place><span lang="EN-GB">, Catherine, ‘Religion and Chinese Culture: Towards and Assessment of “Popular Religion”’, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">History of Religions</i>, Vol. 29, No. 1, 1989</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">Brett, Jeanne M. and Michele J. Gelfand, ‘A Cultural Analysis of the Underlying Assumptions of Negotiation Theory’ - <u><span style="color:blue"><a href="http://www.bsos.umd.edu/psyc/gelfand/Brett%20&%20Gelfand%202006.pdf"><span style="color:blue">http://www.bsos.umd.edu/psyc/gelfand/Brett%20&%20Gelfand%202006.pdf</span></a></span></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">Carlitz, Katherine, ‘Shrines, Governing-Class Identity, and the Cult of Widow Fidelity in Mid-Ming Jiangnan’, </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">Cohen,<i> </i>W. 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By Myron Cohen, <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Boston</st1:place></st1:city>: Little Brown</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">Smith, Bruce R., ‘Premodern Sexualities’, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">PMLA</i>, Vol. 115, No. 3, 2000</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">Sommer, Matthew H.,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>‘The Penetrated Male in Late Imperial <st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region>: Judicial Constructions and Social Stigma’, <i>Modern <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region></i>, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1997</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">Sutton, Donald S., ‘Ritual, ‘Cultural Standardization and orthopraxy in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region>, Modern China’, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2007</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">Sutton, Donald S., ‘Ritual, Cultural Standardization, and Orthopraxy in China: Reconsidering James L. Watson’s Ideas’, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Modern China</i>, Vol. 33, No. 3, 2007</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">Szonyi, Michael, ‘The Illusion of Standardizing the Gods: The Cult of the Five Emperors in Late Imperial <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region>’, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Journal of Asian Studies</i>, Vol. 56, No. 1, 1997</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><st1:city st="on"><span lang="EN-GB">Taylor</span></st1:city><span lang="EN-GB">, Michael, <i>Community, Anarchy and <st1:city st="on">Liberty</st1:city></i>, <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Cambridge</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> Press, 1982</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">Teiser, Stephen F., ‘Popular Religion’, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Journal of Asian Studies</i>, Vol. 54, No. 2, 1995</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">Theiss, Janet M., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Disgraceful Matters: The Politics of Chastity in Eighteenth Century <st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region></i>, <st1:city st="on">Berkeley</st1:city>: <st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename st="on">California</st1:placename></st1:place> Press, 2004</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">Volpp, Sophie, ‘Classifying Lust: The Seventeenth-Century Vogue for Male Love, <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>, Vol. 61, No. 1, 2001 </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">Wakeman Jr,. Frederic <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth Century China</i>, 2 vols., Berkeley University of California Press, 1985</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">Wolf, Margery and Roxanne Witke, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Women in Chinese Society</i>, <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Stanford</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> Press, 197</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">Xue, Yunsheng, <i>Du li cun yi </i>(Lingering doubts after reading the substatutes), ed. and punctuated by Huang Jingjia, 5 vols, Taibei: Chinese Materials and Research Aids Service Centre, 1970</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB">Zhaozhe, Xie, <i>Wuzu zu </i>(Five miscellaneous dishes), <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Shanghai</st1:place></st1:city>, 1959</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-59025795152079724732011-02-13T12:41:00.001+00:002011-02-13T12:44:00.173+00:00To what extent can it be claimed that the governmental and intellectual elite of the Qing dictated the parameters of ‘popular culture’?: Chapter Five<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">V: Conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">In conclusion this study has provided a survey of different interpretations as to how one should view popular culture within Qing <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region>. The specific case studies contained within sections II through IV establish the degree to which popular culture,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>the impetus driving mechanisms of belief and interaction, was not confined to dogmatic parameters defined by the elite, ruling class but replete in relationships centered upon the ability of the peasant to exercise personal desire. However, each study, albeit not in every instance directly, alludes to the significance of tradition in dictating belief systems and modes of interaction, underlining mechanisms regardless of social standing to allow for there to be a degree of continuity and self-propagation of a national image and agenda. The role sexuality occupied within society specifically brings to attention certain themes such as the interaction between State orthodoxy, elite and common practice and </span><span lang="EN-GB">‘</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">tradition</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">. In exploring homosexuality as functional one is reminded that Qing China was a society of particular social relations, with interaction, to an extent, dictated in terms of class, age and sex, patterns of which can easily be traced in Chinese history. Furthermore, in exploring homosexuality as a method of attack for political elites and an expression of personal choice there still existed a sense of proper social etiquette, with people knowing and accepting a particular position in a social hierarchy.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>This point coincides with the conclusion that same-sex relations draw particular attention to the role of tradition, not only in terms of respecting hierarchies within society as a whole but also on a much more personal level: the family.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height: 200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Modern historiography leans towards considering new areas of possible research, areas otherwise mistreated, underestimated or all together not considered. To this effect rose movements such as subaltern history, history of mentalities and other specific schools of historical consideration. Within Chinese peasant studies, a field with limited primary source material of personal perspective; it becomes even harder to consider peasants on their own terms. However, modern attitudes tend to deny that the agents the historian considers is devoid of any sort of rationality in their actions, therefore to truly understand </span><span lang="EN-GB">‘</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">culture</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> one need to approach the material and resources available from different angles. Evans-Pritchard, for example in his study of the Azande</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">, pioneered a unique social approach to understanding and explaining witchcraft as a part of a community’s culture. Specifically Evan-Pritchard considered the field of study </span><span lang="EN-GB">‘</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">sociology of perception</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">; a mean of trying to ascertain models of social relations and world views based on primary evidence and real patterns of behaviour</span><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">. To truly understand peasant culture in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region>, therefore, one needs to go beyond economic or mathematical models. Likewise, trying to establish models and patterns are sometimes unattainable; to understand systems of belief, values and social norms a variety of different considerations and approaches need to be debated and applied. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>As thus, through considering different approaches in understanding Chinese popular culture this essay has highlighted the necessity of contemplating that culture within China was a product of negotiation between personal want, the effect of political methods of control and traditions embedded within social organization. This model, for want of a better word, is not specific to a region or specific social group but can be used to ascertain a social understanding. This provides an understanding of how culture was constructed, however, and only as a by-product furnishes an insight into how culture actually existed, for example prevailing attitudes extant within family politics and economic systems. However, in order to fully elaborate on this point a separate survey of the history of culture in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region> would be necessary, considering historical method and its relation, most specifically perhaps, to anthropology and sociology. As thus, the conclusion given can only exist on the basis that more information on cultural studies in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region> needs to be applied to strengthen its claims. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style="mso-element:footnote-list"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>E. E. Evans-Pritchard, <i>Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Among the Azande</i>, <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Oxford</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> Press, 1951 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Mary Douglas, Introduction: Thirty Years after Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic, in Mary Douglas (ed.), <i>Witchcraft Confessions and Accusations</i>, Tavistock Publications Limited, 1970, p. xvi</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> </div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-20428991959053463392011-02-13T12:36:00.002+00:002011-02-13T12:41:35.851+00:00To what extent can it be claimed that the governmental and intellectual elite of the Qing dictated the parameters of ‘popular culture’?: Chapter Four<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">IV: The question of ‘creativity’<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">In the first instance one can claim homosexuality simply reiterated orthodox practices, being something functional. Same-sex relationships usually existed between men of different social standing, with social standing denoting sexual role. This allowed a real and physical enforcement of hierarchical structures. As thus, homosexuality shows a mechanistic society, with relationships predetermined by traditional dichromaticism. Ng claims that the Qing court used homosexuality as part of an ideological campaign to increase political control, demonstrating elite methods of control. However, Volpp contends that evidence to suggest increased same-sex action and tolerance, such as a vogue in explicit literature, were actually manifestations of interests held by the educated classes and therefore did not represent popular systems of belief and interaction. Alternatively, it could be argued that homosexual relations demonstrate both rationality and the significance of traditional social organization within Chinese society. Sommer reiterates such a position through demonstrating both an active drive towards moral conservatism and repeated offences against it. Peasants, general society, were capable of volition; expressing ones own thoughts and desires while still existing within the state machine. Although tied to the bonds of tradition, something that existed transhistorically and permeated both state practice and the heart of general society, there still existed room for free expression<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Through using homosexuality as a method of enquiry it is hoped that insights will be gleamed into both elite and peasant societies, providing a more accurate and impartial model of a general ‘Chinese society’. Same-sex intercourse occurred in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region> from very ancient times<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>, and refers exclusively, at least for this study, to relationships between men<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>. By the Ming period male-male intercourse was nothing shocking or out of the ordinary: if anything, ‘homosexuality’ existed as a component of a traditional, </span><span lang="EN-GB">romanticised</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> past<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>, with homosexual relations transcending class divisions. As thus homosexuality, as an area of study, provides a unique insight into the physical, emotional and social relationships that occurred between members of different social classes. In this way, the historian is able to ascertain a more comprehensive and imbalanced picture of Chinese society. The actions and roles assumed by the individual within same-sex relationships illuminate not only a class identity, for example through reiterating traditional social relationships of dominance and submission, but also provides a tool to measure subject rationality, the extent to which choices were predetermined, within a highly bureaucratic system. Ultimately, homosexuality demonstrates more than just rigid social hierarchies expressed through relationships of dominance and submission, but the existence of sexual subjectivity. This, in turn, generates new models for understanding cultural and social practices both between and within different social groups. Furthermore, homosexuality draws attention to the difference between the roles of ‘tradition’, ‘conservatism’ and ‘orthodoxy’, and the resulting impact on popular and state action. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Firstly, male to male relationships could be considered to serve a function within Chinese society, as they provided a practical demonstration and physical reiteration of the distinctions between classes and, as thus, helped maintain a society defined by roles through ensuring proper values and behaviour. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The elite male embodied dominance, masculinity and power, taking the active sexual role, whilst the lower class male existed in opposition. </span><span lang="EN-GB">“</span><i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Age and status hierarchies tend to parallel the hierarchy of roles in anal intercourse</span></i><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB">” with </span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">performing specific sexual acts and the giving of gifts and </span><span lang="EN-GB">favours</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> further reinforcing differences of social position in terms of behaviour given and behaviour deserved. In emphasising his superior social position the elite male demands respect and loyalty, while the lower class male is taught obedience and reverence. As thus, homosexuality aids the cultivation of correct values through exemplifying how behaviour is determined not by want or desire but necessity and expectation. The lower class male becomes more able to observe correct etiquette in relationships, such as father and son, and applies character traits cultivated to specific social role and in doing so adds to a shared community ethic of livelihood and consistency. In practicing proper relationships a strong vertical hierarchy underpinned Chinese society, each subject of the state exhibiting particular behaviour in order to, in turn, receive appropriate behaviour. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>This argument is best exemplified in contemporary literature and in the writings of Li Yu (1611-79/80). Erotic fiction of the Ming period often depicted relationships between men of the same class but belonging to different classes. For example The Golden Lotus (<i>Jing Ping Mei</i>) demonstrates how “<i>intercourse between members of different social groups, sexual positions often reinforced social positions</i>.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>” In the novel a nobleman, Ximen Qing, grows bored of female intercourse with his wife and concubines so turns to anal intercourse and ignites sexual relations with a young male servant named <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Suzhou</st1:place></st1:city>. The two enter into a relationship typical to their distinct social positions, that of dominance and submission, as is shown in <st1:city st="on">Suzhou</st1:city>’s comments of “<i>I will do your bidding in all things</i><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>” and in <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Suzhou</st1:place></st1:city> gaining certain influence and privilege. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Li Yu wrote both fiction and commentaries. Although eccentric, his “<i>daring, innovative subject matter</i>” had a didactic purpose, representing an unheard voice within his society<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>. Li Yu attempts to place homosexuality in an overall context, claiming that both heterosexuality and homosexuality were part of nature.: “<i>Men takes his excess and fills woman’s vacancy so that she will not be lacking…It is a tendency arising from nature.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>” </i>Likewise, the economic differences between two men inspired men of different social classes to live together: “<i>Due to the fires of lust perhaps some handsome young boys, poor and unable to make a living…These were the extenuating circumstances, as in the present age.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a></i>” Through such circumstances arose bonds of dominance and submission, prostitution and patronage, instilling in both the elite and younger male values and a sense of place appropriate to their social standing. Li Yu further links homosexuality to nature and tradition in claiming the existence of the ‘southern custom tree’ (nanfeng shu)<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>. The tree consists of two trees, one smaller than the other, “<i>representing unequal ages of many men in homosexual relationships<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a></i>” and intertwine to become one. Hinsch claims that Li Yu borrowed the famed image of intertwined trees from Han dynasty literature and pictorial art, interpreting it “<i>specifically as an icon of homosexuality.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a></i>” This imagery asserts not only the ‘naturalness’ of homosexuality but also establishes its roots in traditional Chinese thought and behaviour. As thus, homosexuality is not only representative of social relationships and the cultivation of correct behaviour so that society can function, but also that such interaction and behaviour, and there society as a whole, is dictated by tradition, something Hinsch claims provides “<i>a righteous model for their own sexual practices.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a></i>”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Alternatively, one could claim that homosexuality is not a useful tool in understanding Chinese society, but instead merely contributes to the wealth of academic knowledge already held on elite culture. Firstly, Sophie Volpp claims that the discursive explosion of late-sixteenth and seventeenth vernacular fiction regarding ‘male love’ was not because there was a ‘vogue’ for such action but simply and increased interest in “<i>describing, explaining and debating its merits.<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[14]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a></i>” As thus, investing significance in literature as a representation of the social relationships and behaviour in society is flawed. Volpp claims that in examining notation books alongside fictional sources one is shown nothing documentary but a rich rhetoric, revealing “<i>such similarities between them as the adoption of an ethnographic voice.</i><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[15]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>” Therefore, they are neither documents of practice or indicators of homosexual tolerance. However, in examining anecdotes regarding male love one is shown two of the “<i>most compelling topics for the seventeenth century author,</i>” passion (<i>qing</i>) and the strange (qi)<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[16]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>. Volpp draws attention to the fact that such anecdotes appear in the ‘back of the book’, a location reserved for items concerning the marginalized and fantastical stories of prostitutes and monsters, demons and animals<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn17" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[17]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>. Literature served an entertainment purpose for the educated, as thus, it is hard to attach any greater significance to them. Volpp draws attention, inadvertently, to the problem of understanding a wider ‘Chinese identity’ beyond elite interests and action as sources are limited, existing mainly relationally or inferentially to an official standard. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Secondly, Ng argues that ‘homophobia’ was part of an ideological campaign to “<i>gain the allegiance of the conservative Chinese elite</i>” as it could be seen as a direct “<i>challenge to the requirements of filial piety</i>” because it could produce no sons<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn18" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[18]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The majority of information concerning homosexuality during this period, excluding literature, comes from the laws against same-sex intercourse, eventually seeing homosexual sex become part of the Qing’s code on ‘illicit sex’ (jian). Prior to the Qing there had been legislation over homosexuality, for example Song sources of a law of the Zhenghe era (1111-1118) punishing “<i>males who act as prostitutes</i>” with 100 blows of heavy bamboo<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn19" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[19]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a> and also a Ming statue of the Jiajing reign (1522-1567) that reads “<i>whoever shall insert his penis into another man‘s anus for lascivious play shall receive a 100 blows of the heavy bamboo</i>.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn20" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[20]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>” However the effectiveness of this legislation has often been questioned<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn21" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[21]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>, and it was not until the Qing that homosexual and heterosexual offences were considered equally destructive of a conservative moral standard, for example disallowing procreation and traditional kinship relationships<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn22" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[22]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>. Sources concerning homosexuality imply an increased zeal towards Qing consolidation that is reflected in other area of policy, for example foreign policy from the Qing’s establishment was concerned with fortifying boundaries to allow an increased involvement in internal affairs<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn23" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[23]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>. The Ming’s failure was attributed to liberalism, with Manchu officials seeing nothing but chaos and disorder<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn24" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[24]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a> and in ensuring conservatism, hence efforts against homosexuality, the Qing assumed power and success. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>As thus, homosexuality during the Qing can be seen largely as part of a strategy to ensure political control, both over elites of the old Chinese state and the general population. Consequently, little is actually gleamed on Chinese society as an institution through examining homosexuality, the interaction between elite and subject being shown as the product of official mandate and stipulation, ultimately representing ‘common’ society as nothing more than a product of official jurisdiction. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">In reply, both of the points raised by Volpp and Ng ignore, what Hinsch calls, the ‘tradition of homosexuality’ within Chinese history. Same-sex intercourse was recorded country wide<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn25" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[25]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>, with sources demonstrating a knowledge of homosexuality pre-dating the dynasty, thereby making it a useful point of historical analysis. The Ming-Qing era saw an increased level of literacy through a population explosion, refinement in printing technology and increased liberal attitude in sharing the benefits of the written word<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn26" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[26]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>. This meant that any scholar, merchant, bureaucrat or student with access to even a basic library could read of ancient rulers and their favourites in dynastic histories amongst other such accounts. This gave the men of Ming and Qing a “<i>righteous model for their own sexual practices</i>” as the “<i>Chinese have always shown reverence for the models of antiquity…gave later imperial homosexuality an interesting air of self-awareness and tradition.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn27" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[27]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a></i>” Homosexuality was not simply a product of interest and utility for methods of state control, but expressed relationships that had occurred in a similar way, between men of different social standings, throughout time. The study of homosexuality, therefore, provides an insight into cross-class relations; the extent to which people were self-aware or behaviour was purely functional to ensure livelihood and the relationship between state mandated orthodoxy and actual practice. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">So far debate over what homosexuality can tell us about Chinese society has completely denied any sort of predisposition to same-sex intercourse, as Volpp states “<i>historians of Chinese sexuality have argued that there was no conception in pre-modern <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region> of a type predisposed to engage in affairs with other men.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn28" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[28]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a></i>” However, as David Halperin claims, this is based on a misreading of Foucault’s distinction between ‘sodomy’ and ‘the homosexual’ as the units of social control of same-sex desire: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:66.8pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:41.35pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">“<i>As defined by the ancient civil or canonical codes, sodomy was a category of forbidden acts…perpetrator was nothing more than the juridical subject of them…The nineteenth century homosexual become a personage, a past, a case history…<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[29]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a></i>” <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Foucault was not making two types of conceptualizations of the sexual object, but “<i>making a distinction between two types of control of the sexual subject.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn30" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[30]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a></i>” Prior to the nineteenth the sexual subject was regulated by ecclesiastical and juridical codes, and then after, by psychiatric investigation of the homosexual as a personage<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn31" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[31]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>. As thus, one needs to consider that same-sex intercourse is an expression of personal volition, thereby indicating rationality within Chinese society and that systems of values and beliefs were self-motivated and not implemented through hierarchical methods of control.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Sommer</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">s study, </span><span lang="EN-GB">‘The Penetrated Male in Late Imperial China: Judicial Constructions and Social Stigma’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">, looks at the roles of </span><span lang="EN-GB">‘</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">penetrant</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> and </span><span lang="EN-GB">‘</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">penetrated</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> in Qing society and at the development of legislation that ultimately outlawed same-sex intercourse. The study illustrates the importance Qing elites placed on social hierarchies and moral behaviour; fixing boundaries for those of common status and ensuring correct codes of social practice</span><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[32]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> and also draws attention to the very real existence of same sex wants, lust and desires, above and beyond state orthodoxy, as judicial reports show an enactment of personal wants over State prescribed moral and social conduct. Therefore sources depicting explicit homosexual activity express rebellion, showing that the relationships between state and subject was not purely state dominance and subject submission. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>The <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">Fujian</st1:place></st1:state> region in South West China provides a rich research area into same-sex interaction. When an official would retire it was customary for “<i>several hundred handsome youths</i>” to come to party, where favours “<i>would be continuous</i>”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>and the young men would be recommended for important posts by the older men they pursued<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn33" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[33]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>. Within <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">Fujian</st1:place></st1:state> also existed same-sex marriage, where two men took part in a ceremony similar to that of heterosexual marriage, with the elder male of higher status became the ‘adoptive older brother’ (qixiong) and the younger the ‘adoptive younger brother’ (qidi). Upon marriage the two men existed similarly to those in traditional same sex marriage, with financial security coming from the qixiong and the qidi moving into the elders household, being treated like a son-in-law<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn34" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[34]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>. However, ultimately such structures had to dissolve as the men would have to embark upon heterosexual relationships. Yet, judicial and literary sources often “<i>marvelled at the heights of devotion reached by these couples<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[35]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a></i>” and often their existing tales of death and mutilation in order for men of the same sex to remain together. Elite choice for homosexuality too “<i>seems to have been motivated by personal enthusiasm.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn36" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[36]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a></i>” Levy examines traditional essayists who wrote about the various cities gay quarters, for example Ch’ang-an, Nanking and <st1:place st="on">Suchow</st1:place> and that the elite had a personal agenda for their actions, often to recapture “<i>events gone by</i>” and the “<i>inevitable passing of youth and beauty.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn37" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[37]</span></sup></b><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a></i>” <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Ultimately, however, homosexual love had to be sacrificed for family, procreation and the following of other such Confucian values. However, continued expressions of homosexuality actively broke tradition, something that was so significant both for a renewed Qing conservatism and for general patterns of social behaviour, as thus demonstrating conflict between personal want and other forces present in society. This exemplifies the complicated position of sexual subjectivity within the context of embedded traditional values of kinship, filial piety and procreation. This illustrates that ‘common’ level organization is more complex than simply mirroring relationships of dominance and submission, meaning there are various dimensions that need to be considered in order to understand Chinese society: firstly, personal want, secondly, traditional foundations embedded within society and thirdly, State mandated organization and action. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Regardless of want or function, the majority of same-sex relationships existed in conjunction with heterosexuals practice: the taking of a wife, the raising of a family and all that this implies. Although scholars such as Hinsch have claimed a bisexual attitude prevalent in Chinese society</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn38" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:8.0pt;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[38]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">, it seems perhaps more logical to claim that such behaviour exemplifies a sense of tradition, Confucian or otherwise, amongst the Chinese people who had existed within a certain pattern that had not been challenged or changed for countless years. Furthermore, a point that has not been touched upon in this analysis for reasons of time, space or emphasis, </span><span lang="EN-GB">‘</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">tradition</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> within families and local-level social interaction is also connected to religious and spiritual beliefs; members of a family lived on in memory and spirit after death. Paying proper respects implied ensuring continuity, not only for the sake of ritual but to safeguard fortuity and luck within a family’s practices.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Besides the role of tradition within society other points of analysis have been raised through examining homosexuality. Firstly, one is shown that the Qing polity became increasingly concerned with moral behaviour, ensuring an equilibrium and prosperity over not only affairs of state but also over the people themselves. This hints at what the Qing thought to be the secret of state success: not an uncontrolled liberalism but a regulated State-subject relationship, backed by legitimacy in to form of tradition and jurisdiction. However, as also shown in section II, there existed a degree of dichotomy between efforts of increased standardization and actual mechanisms of belief and social organization. Secondly and also linked to the prior point, homosexuality highlights a certain degree of rationality amongst both the elite and common population. Examples of couples actively going against State jurisdiction and traditional social behaviour, also popular interest and examples of equating homosexuality with morally lax repercussions, signifies a certain degree of personal volition. As thus, considering homosexuality allows the historian, anthropologist and many others to examine Chinese society, especially the peasant communities, in a different light. In granting rationality one is presented with new models for understanding cultural and social practices both between and within different social groups. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style="mso-element:footnote-list"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> Hinsch claims that earliest indicators of homosexual behaviour comes from the upper classes during the Zhou dynasty (1122-256 BCE) For example, the Legalist Han Fei’s ‘<i>Han Fei Zi’ </i>provides an account of favouritism in the court of Duke Ling of Wei, (534-492 BCE), where an infatuated Ling would do anything for his favourite Mizi Xia (see: Hinsch, <i>Passions of the Cut Sleeve</i>, pp.20-1)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> “<i>Chinese literature was almost always written by men for men, very little documentation survives on lesbian life</i>” - Bret Hinsch<i>, Passions of the Cut Sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in <st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region></i>, <st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename st="on">California Press</st1:placename></st1:place>, 1992,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>p.7</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:8.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> Hinsch, <i>Passions of the Cut Sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region></i>, p.118<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> Matthew H. Sommer, ‘The Penetrated Male in Late Imperial China: Judicial Constructions and Social Stigma’, <i>Modern China</i>, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1997, p. 141 (hereafter article referred to as ‘The Penetrated Male’) <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> Hinsch, <i>Passions of the Cut Sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region></i>, p. 134 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> Clement Egerton, <i>The Golden Lotus</i>, Heian Intl Pub Co, 1979, p. 97</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoNormal"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> Hinsch, <i>Passions of the Cut Sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region></i>, p. 121<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoNormal"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="ES" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ansi-language:ES"> Li Yu, Li Yu quanji, pp. 5383-5384<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoNormal"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> ibid., p. 5384<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoNormal"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> ibid., p. 5385<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoNormal"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> Hinsch, <i>Passions of the Cut Sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region></i>, p. 126<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> ibid., p.126<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> ibid., p. 120<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn14"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[14]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> Sophie Volpp, ‘Classifying Lust: The Seventeenth-Century Vogue for Male Love’, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 61, No. 1, 2001, p. 80 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn15"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[15]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> ibid., p. 80<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn16"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[16]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> ibid., p. 84<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn17"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn17" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[17]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> See <i>Yanyibian</i>, compilation attributed to Wang Shizhen (Yangzhou: Guangling guji yeyinshe, 1998)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:8.0pt"> </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn18"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn18" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[18]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> Vivian Ng, ‘Homosexuality and the State in late Imperial China’ in Martin Duberman et al. (eds.) <i>Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past</i>, <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:state>, 1989, pp.88-89<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn19"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn19" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[19]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> Yunsheng Xue, <i>Du li cun yi </i>(Lingering doubts after reading the substatutes), ed. and punctuated by Huang Jingjia, 5 vols, Taibei: Chinese Materials and Research Aids Service Centre, 1970, pp. 375: 03<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn20"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn20" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[20]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> ibid., pp. 285: 33<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn21"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn21" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[21]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> See Sommer, ‘The Penetrated Male’ for a historical overview of homosexual legislation and Hinsch, <i>Passions of the Cut Sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region>, </i>pp.115-118 for claims against the effectiveness of the Qing legislation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn22"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn22" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[22]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> Sommer, ‘The Penetrated Male’, pp. 148-150<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn23"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn23" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[23]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> W. I. Cohen, East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World, Columbia University Press, 2001, pp. 216-227 An example of strengthening borders to allow greater internal condition is shown in Youngzheng’s reconfiguration of the bureaucracy and establishing a small national security council which reported only to him. Qianlong enlarged this council to then form the ’Grand Coucnil’: the most dominant policy force in government. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn24"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn24" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[24]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> Hinsch, <i>Passions of the Cut Sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region></i>, <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn25"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn25" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[25]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> One late-Ming source contended that homosexuality was not simply more popular in areas such as <st1:state st="on">Fujian</st1:state> and <st1:state st="on">Guangdong</st1:state> but contended that in <st1:state st="on">Zhejiang</st1:state>, Zhili and the <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">northern provinces</st1:state></st1:place> love between men was also widespread. (Xie Zhaozhe, <i>Wuzu zu </i>(five miscellaneous dishes), <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Shanghai</st1:place></st1:city>, 1959, 8:209. Another source also lists streets in <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Beijing</st1:place></st1:city> noted for male brothels (Wang Shunu, <i>Zhongguo changji shi</i>, p.323) <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn26"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn26" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[26]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> Hinsch, <i>Passions of the Cut Sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region></i>, p. 119</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:8.0pt"> </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn27"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn27" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[27]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> ibid., p.120 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn28"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn28" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[28]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> Volpp, ‘Classifying Lust: The Seventeenth-Century Vogue for Male Love’, p. 82<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn29"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn29" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[29]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> Michel Foucault, <i>The History of Sexuality: Will to Knowledge</i>, Penguin Books Ltd., 1998, p. 43 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn30"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn30" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[30]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> David Halperin, ‘Forgetting Foucault: Acts, Identities, and the History of Sexuality’, <i>Representations</i>, No. 63, 1998, p. 108<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn31"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn31" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[31]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> Volpp, ‘Classifying Lust: The Seventeenth-Century Vogue for Male Love’, p. 83 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn32"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn32" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[32]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Sommer, ‘The Penetrated Male’, p. 144</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:8.0pt"> </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn33"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn33" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[33]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:8.0pt"> Wuxia Ameng, ed., <i>Duanxiu pian </i>9:15B</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn34"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn34" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[34]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:8.0pt"> Hinsch, <i>Passions of the Cut Sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place></i></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn35"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn35" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[35]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:8.0pt"> ibid., p. 132</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn36"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn36" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[36]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> Howard S. Levy, <i>A Feast of Mist and Flowers: The Gay Quarters of Nanking at the End of the Ming</i>, <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Yokohama</st1:city>, <st1:country-region st="on">Japan</st1:country-region></st1:place> 1966, p.4<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn37"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn37" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[37]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> ibid., p. 5<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn38"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn38" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[38]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Hinsch<i>, Passions of the Cut Sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region></i>, Introduction pp.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> </div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-87781681330732537542011-02-13T12:29:00.001+00:002011-02-13T12:36:36.756+00:00To what extent can it be claimed that the governmental and intellectual elite of the Qing dictated the parameters of ‘popular culture’?: Chapter Three<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:200%; mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple; text-autospace:none"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-GB">III: The construction of popular, or ‘peasant’, culture<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">In general, historians create a precedent for </span><span lang="EN-GB">‘</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Chinese culture</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> based so called </span><span lang="EN-GB">‘</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">great traditions</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">, such as Confucianism, and utilize available literary sources and documents. The resulting picture is the product of an elite, centralized and educated authority: a small minority of the population. Peasant culture, which denotes rural, agricultural communities, requires a different historical approach, and it is only through an alternative approach that one can begin to understand those communities that made up the vast majority of Chinese people. It is essential, therefore, to unearth an understanding of rural culture in terms of influences and differences, if any, between socially, economically and politically different entities. The communities in question need to be examined on a </span><span lang="EN-GB">‘</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">root level</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">, looking specifically at internal and external relationships, may these be social, economic, political or otherwise. This, pertinently,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>also characterizes what is being referred to as </span><span lang="EN-GB">‘</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">peasant culture</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">, the organization and relationships that existed within the community,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>for example in a family, system of work or religious belief, and also those relationships that existed externally, such as governmental control and systems of trade. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The question of comprehending </span><span lang="EN-GB">‘</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">peasant culture</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> incites three areas of consideration: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Firstly, that peasant culture was ultimately functional; specifically that culture is based on a notion of livelihood and collective identity. Secondly, that central reforms and methods of control directly determined the cultural practices of peasant societies. Thirdly, that within traditional <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region> there existed inherent cultural values common to the majority of people, transcending social, economic and political boundaries and yet were self-cultivated and determined. However differing methods in exemplifying this approach creates further debate about the nature of a proposed cultural unity: did culture exist in a national system of formal, mathematical mechanisms of control, as G. William Skinner proposes, or were there indeed certain characteristics that transcended all sectors of society, despite of “<i>potential differences in degree and quality within and between societies</i></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB">”? </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">An understanding of peasant culture can not be achieved by simply looking at a specific community in isolation or the effectiveness of external policies and methods of control. One needs to draw attention to the relationship between the two, the position of the central administration, the response of the community and the community’s fundamental systems of interaction. Therefore, peasant belief, norms and values can be understood as a product of negotiation, considering factors such as </span><span lang="EN-GB">‘</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">tradition</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">, for example Confucian family values, bureaucratic reforms, methods of control, community level need and rational, peasant action. Understanding peasant culture requires the use of multiple disciplines, considering all sources available and not relying solely on obvious and immediately available material.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB">Firstly, it </span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">can be argued that peasant culture is understandable as something functional and mechanized: the values, beliefs and norms of a community relate specifically to the preservation of that community. Peasant culture, as thus, is a product of necessity and environment. Arrangements of belief and social interaction revolve around survival, maintenance and normality, for example systematic agrarian method reflecting security and uniformity and not self-conscious cultivation or speculation. This substantivist</span><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> viewpoint heralds that private self-interest is inapplicable and that traditional societies should be seen as <i>communities</i>: tight cohesive groups that share distinct values in stable relations with one another</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">. Societies that rely upon the land for their livelihood require a degree of systematic interaction on varying levels, may it be economically or socio-culturally, that is inherent and immutable. Without having an “<i>embedded…livelihood strategy</i></span><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB">” that relates specifically to environmental and material conditions then a communities reality in not assured. Shared values, beliefs and norms, therefore, are necessary in such societies as cohesive communities need to be well adapted to deal with threats to security and sustenance, such as excessive or deficient rainfall, renegade groups or central government policies<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">, and also protect the subsistence needs of all villagers. On the notion that livelihood and culture are interconnected it is essential to examine the community on a local level</span><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>The development of commercialization, primarily from the spread of cotton cultivation</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">, from the eighteenth century readily illustrates a community peasant culture based on livelihood and cohesion. Huang points to the fact that whilst commercialization in Europe led to capitalism and the proletarianization of peasant economies, in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region> the small farm family persisted. Although the emergence of a dual system of family and managerial farms in the community led to a partial social differentiation, in relation to “<i>different forms of production organization”, </i>ultimately “<i>managerial farms were in no way different from the small family farms and remained very much tied to the peasant economy</i></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB">”. Peasant farms adapted their organization of labour and resources to match managerial farm output levels, uniformly employing such method to ensure stability. The economic behaviour of peasant communities in this context of change exemplifies a cultural identity and modes of behaviour that are embedded within the community as a unit. A challenge to what Scott dubs the “</span><i><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">right to subsistence</span></i><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB">” sees appropriate reorganization to match the demand and protect community livelihood. As thus, such a reaction maintains that culture is synonymous to peasant life and not derived from it. Values and beliefs exist uniformly to protect the status quo and manage external threats if necessary. </span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">This position is not without its criticisms. Firstly, </span><span lang="EN-GB">substantivism focuses on social structures at the expensive of analyzing both individual agency<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a> and adaptation strategies that occur in other non-Chinese or non-primitive ones<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>. Secondly, and perhaps more pertinently for this discussion, </span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">such an argument downplays, or out right ignores, the existence and influence of the Chinese bureaucracy. With a rich history of central administrative control, such as methods of taxation, land reform, local administration, that spanned thousands of years, the influence the central authority had on the peasant community needs to be considered.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>As thus, the effect of the central government</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">s manipulation of state craft on peasant norms and values needs to be considered. It can be argued that the Imperial administration had a high degree of control over the peasant community, thereby dictating social belief. The <i>pao-chia </i>system and ritual standardization<i> </i>exemplify this point.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>The pao-chia system was an instrument of sub administrative control that was applied to the whole of <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region>, allowing secure control over peasant communities without costly or stringent enforcement: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:68.8pt;margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-left:48.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 200%"><span lang="EN-GB">“</span><i><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">each household is given a placard…The name and number of adult males are written on it. In case any of them go away, their destination is recorded…Every ten households set up a p</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span></i><i><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">ai-t</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span></i><i><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">ou </span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">[placard-head], <i>every ten p</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB">’</span></i><i><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">ai a chia-t</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span></i><i><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">ou, and every ten chia a pao-chang…at the end of each month<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>a kang-chieh </span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">[willing board]<i>, giving insurance that everything has been well…is sent to the official concerned for inspection.</i></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB">” </span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Within the community a hierarchy was created, but its purpose was more than a simple census system. By providing records concerning inhabitants and their movements, the people in the community were watched and monitored with criminal or culpable acts being reported to the <i>pia-chia</i></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">. The system was under the supervision of local officials and in enlisting the help of locals allowed for government control to be widely extended. The methods of control instigated by the central authority ensured a subtle domination yet active role within community organization. State social policy provided a basis from which community organization, social interaction and economic behaviour could be executed, illustrating the degree to which peasant values and norms were influenced by external forces. A constant state presence allowed for an easy and effective ladder of control, passing from the top down edicts, proclamations and reforms that would be effectively implemented. A standardization in social organization allowed behaviour to be dictated, ultimately establishing a uniformity in practice and through that can be tracked through official sources and records.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>The anthropologist James L. Watson</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">s fieldwork in the <st1:placename st="on">Hong Kong</st1:placename> <st1:placename st="on">New</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Territories</st1:placetype></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[14]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> provides a specific example of standardization in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Instead of simply suggesting that Chinese culture had become highly integrated through devices such as prosperity, education and printing</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[15]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">, Watson looked at integration on a more fundamental level, that of the amalgamation of local and official (orthopraxic) ritual practice. Watson claims that the state, with the aid of local elites, “<i>sought to bring locals under its influence through co-opting certain popular deities and guaranteeing that they carried all the right messages</i></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[16]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB">”. The state pushed in the </span><st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">New</span></st1:placename><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> <st1:placetype st="on">Territories</st1:placetype></span></st1:place><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> to unify ritual times and practices, encouraging the local deity Tianhou, Empress of Heaven, to </span><span lang="EN-GB">‘</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">eat up</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> minor gods who “<i>survived in the residual form of red paper slips in the Tianhou temples</i></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn17" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[17]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB">”. The state’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">s standardization of ritual allowed different people to view the prescribed deity on their own terms.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The state “<i>imposed the structure but not the content</i></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn18" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[18]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB">” and the evidence that exemplifies standardization, such as in the death ritual volume<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn19" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[19]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">, demonstrates that peasant values and beliefs were led from state imposed structures. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">However an explanation of peasant culture simply as a product of elite control is not satisfactory as it does not explain to intricacies of peasant life for example social interaction, economic motivation, human volition and organization of local beliefs and practices. What needs to be achieved, therefore, is to recognize how “<i>society produces both differences and unities within its cultural categories and social organization</i></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn20" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[20]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB">”. Therefore, one needs to consider that peasant culture holds a dual nature, being relational to both a national framework and also community utility of resources. The socio-economic parameters established by the elite, educated classes ultimately provided a plateau for peasant communities to express themselves. Policy deployment, while effecting national organization, did not eradicate local level values, beliefs and norms but provided a more structured landscape for the spreading and cultivation of ideals. It is not unreasonable, therefore, to argue that peasant culture is understandable in relation to the whole, a ‘</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Chinese peasant culture</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> that exists as an element of a wider </span><span lang="EN-GB">‘</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Chinese culture</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>G. William Skinner</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">s study of regional interaction explains social relationships and establishes a plausible backdrop for uniform systems of family relationships and religious belief. Specifically, Skinner “<i>constructed a wide variety of formal models to analyze and explain important features of agrarian <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region></i></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn21" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[21]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><i><span lang="EN-GB">”</span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">, for example, in exploring hierarchical relations between villages Skinner employs theoretical and mathematical constructs, from various disciplines, to explain social phenomena and relationships. A pioneer in the study of<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>“<i>a China-centered approach</i></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn22" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[22]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB">”,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Skinner approached the study of Chinese social phenomena<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>through avoiding traditional presuppositions, ultimately leading</span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">a generation of scholars to adopt multiple theoretical tools “<i>best suited to the voluminous and historical information…now available</i></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn23" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[23]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB">”.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Skinner claims that rural <st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region> can be understood in terms of market hierarchies and systems, maintaining that “<i>all central places in traditional <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region> may be arranged in discrete hierarchies defined by economic functions</i></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn24" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[24]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB">”. There co-existed multiple market systems, such as a pure subsistence economy of no market arrangements and dual systems of goods purchasing and selling finished products<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn25" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[25]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">, and these systems interacted in a hierarchical structure; ranging from standard market town to central metropolis</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn26" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[26]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">. The result was not only an economic cross-culture but social interaction outside the confines of a single social entity. Skinner cements his mode by applying it spatially, linking cities and towns through a transport cost and a central economic fact: transport cost. The resulting relations between market levels resulted in a “<i>standard market town at the centre and villages distributed in a hexagonal pattern around it</i></span><span lang="EN-GB">” and Skinner provides evidence of a <i>“two ring structure: an inner ring of six villages and an outer ring of twelve</i><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[27]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a>”. </span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Skinner</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">s view point assumes that participants in market relations are economically rational, able to make personal decisions, such as how to manage and organize land or distribute </span><span lang="EN-GB">labour</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">, within a national hierarchy of economic interaction. The village</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">s dynamic goes beyond internal systems of organization; livelihood requires degrees of differing economic interaction with other communities and, as thus, an external framework of market hierarchies allows choice, fallibility and a cultural system determined from both above and below. In looking at market relations and hierarchies, therefore, one is presented with economic, administrative and cultural mechanisms working together from which one may conclude a fundamental unity and not a bifurcation of </span><span lang="EN-GB">‘</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">peasant</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> and </span><span lang="EN-GB">‘</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">elite</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">. The personal participant and the central administration interact in an economic sphere that consequently generates cultural practice and interaction, with people able to freely pass ideas, gossip and form relationships. Culture, therefore, is relational and not dependent upon a single faction in the hierarchical system. The social horizon of the peasant not only encompassed the standard market town but was actually much broader, creating<i> “social integration in traditional <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region></i></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn28" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[28]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB">”. Therefore, in examining this one factor of general society one can draw links between distinct social classes, existing in different economic climates. Ultimately, cultural spheres overlapped, creating a multi-faceted interaction whereby all agents contributed to the whole.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Little, in examining Skinner</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">s model, claims that there underlies certain assumptions, making the model “<i>patently unrealistic</i></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn29" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[29]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB">”. In regionalising agrarian </span><st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">China</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> several variables are called into question, such as variation of demand, population density and transport efficiency. A standardized model of understanding social and economic relations, such as Skinner presents, ignores the subtle, contextual effects of such variables. For example, use of <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region></span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">s rich water transport system would have considerably different effects on the encompassing economic sphere, and therefore resulting social relations, than areas that used overland methods: “<i>such contrasts in transport efficiency unavoidably distort the idealized countryside</i></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn30" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[30]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB">”. Skinner also bases his model on a plain terrain, ignoring real differences in physiographic features such as forests, mountains and marshes. Besides effecting factors of transport, a village in a valley, surrounded by mountains will have little comparison to a settlement on a large plain. Understanding peasant culture as formal models, based on national economic relations and systems of sophisticated hierarchical interactions, ultimately, ignores obvious areas of important research. Firstly, the effects of geophysical differences and secondly, the possible significance of alternative sources, for example those that are specific to internal community organization. Skinner’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">s method of formal models can only draw broad conclusions, ignoring the intricacies of social organization. Skinner has devised a framework of interaction that could explain <i>how </i>there would exist a unified cultural identity, but in understanding specific cultural traits, such as religious belief, there needs to be a more fundamental level of analysis. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Social institutions, such as the family, in peasant <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region> exemplify more strongly that there existed a fundamental cultural unity than a prevalent individualism. John G. Kennedy states that values and beliefs are organized into systems that determine behaviour, which exist within the wider environment of elite political control and great traditions</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn31" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[31]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">. In examining the systems of belief directly one can understand the relation between peasant, community and wider society. Ebrey argues that the close connection of family life to “<i>religious beliefs, to primary economic activities of production and consumption, and to social organization at the local level</i></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn32" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[32]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB">” means that establishing an understanding of community beliefs and values can be achieved through examining the family. Through looking at epitaphs, brief biographies, fictional stories and advice booklets one can gain a glimpse into the family and community belief. Ebrey concludes from these sources that it is easy to show that social ideals, how the individual should behave, were seldom fulfilled in practice but their continued evocation still existed<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn33" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[33]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">. Biographies show countless examples of filial sons and loyal wives, often to an agonizing extent. Family organization and values show a connection to a great Confucian tradition but also a self-awareness that allowed the individual personal expression. The individual existed ultimately within institutions that he was both accountable to and able to manipulate. The peasant held a relationship to tradition, a product of external methods of control and socially embedded principles, his community and state implemented methods of social organization, thereby executing an ability to adhere or adapt information upon his own agenda. Through using a range of sources, such as various forms of fictitious literature, informative literature, judicial records, tax and land records one can paint more than a static view of peasant life. One is shown at once that the peasant resisted authority and made ill choices</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn34" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[34]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">, whilst at the same time adhering to state practice</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn35" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[35]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">. Values, norms and beliefs, as thus, can be seen to exist depending on the level of negotiation seen between the institutions outlined. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">However, it is still necessary to consider peasant culture on a purely ‘creative’ level: the extent to which the general population was capable of volition and not simply acting outside the realm of orthodoxy. In order to achieve this the issue of sexual identity will be considered, or more specifically, the extent to which homosexual relations in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region> reflected the existence of personal wants and desires: an identity constructed intrinsically and not through state want.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style="mso-element:footnote-list"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>John G. Kennedy, “Peasant Society and the Image of Limited Good”: A Critique, <i>American Anthropologist</i>, New Series, Vol. 68, No. 5, 1966, p. 1213 </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>See Daniel Little, <i>Understanding Peasant China</i>, Yale University Press, 1989 pp. 14-18 or Karl Polyani, <i>The Great Transformation</i>, Beacon Press, 2002 for further information over the debate whether or not human conduct is motivated by self or community interest. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Michael Taylor, <i>Community, Anarchy and <st1:city st="on">Liberty</st1:city></i>, <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Cambridge</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> Press, 1982, p. 25<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>K. Polanyi, ‘The Economy as Instituted Process’ in E. LeClair, H. Schneider (eds.), <i>Economic Anthropology,</i> Rinehart and Winston, 1968, p. 126<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Little, <i>Understanding Peasant <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region></i>, p. 15 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Stephen Gudeman, <i>Economics as culture: models and metaphors of livelihood</i>, Routledge, 1986<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Phillip C. C. Huang,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><i>The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China</i>, <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Stanford</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> Press, 1985</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Prasenjit Duara, a review of <b>#</b><i>The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China</i>, Philip C. C. Huang in <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>, Vol. 46, No. 1, 1986, p. 284<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>James C. Scott, <i>The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in South East Asia, </i><st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Yale</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> Press, 1976, p. 167<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>J. I. Prattis, "Synthesis, or a New Problematic in Economic Anthropology", <i>Theory and Society</i>, No. 11, 1982, pp. 205-228<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>S. Plattner, <i>Economic Anthropology</i>, <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Stanford</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> Press, 1989 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:68.8pt;text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><i>Ch’ing t’ung-k’ao</i>, 22/5055, and <i>Lu-li pien-lan</i>. 1877, 20/17b, in Kung-Chuan Hsiao, <i>Rural Control: Imperial Control in the Nineteenth Century</i>, University of <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">Washington</st1:place></st1:state>, 1967, pp. 44-5 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Hsiao, <i>Rural Control: Imperial Control in the Nineteenth Century, </i>p. 45 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn14"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[14]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>James L. Watson, “Standardizing the Gods: the promotion of T’ien-hou along the <st1:place st="on">South China</st1:place> coast, 960-1960.” In Johnson, Nathan and Rawski (eds.), <i>Popular Culture in Late Imperial <st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region></i>, <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Berkeley</st1:city></st1:place>, 1985<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn15"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[15]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Susan Naquin and Evelyn S. Rawski, <i>Chinese society in the Eighteenth Century</i>, 1985<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn16"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[16]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Donald S. Sutton, ‘Ritual, ‘Cultural Standardization and orthopraxy in <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place>, Modern China’, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2007,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>p.4 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn17"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn17" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[17]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ibid., p. 4 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn18"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn18" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[18]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Watson, “Standardizing the Gods: the promotion of T’ien-hou along the <st1:place st="on">South China</st1:place> coast, 960-1960.” p. 323 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn19"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn19" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[19]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Watson, “Funeral specialists in Cantonese society: pollution, performance and social hierarchy.” In Watson and Rawski (eds.) <i>Death Ritual in Late Imperial and Modern <st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region></i>, <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Berkeley</st1:city></st1:place>, 1988 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn20"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn20" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[20]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Catherine Bell, “Religion and Chinese Culture: towards an assessment of popular religion.” <i>History of Religions </i>29, 1, 1989, p. 39</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn21"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn21" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[21]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Little, <i>Understanding Peasant <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region></i>, p. 68<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn22"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn22" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[22]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ibid. p.68<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn23"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn23" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[23]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ibid. p. 68<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn24"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn24" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[24]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>G. William Skinner, Marketing and Social Structures in Rural China, <i>Journal of Asian Studies</i>, 1964-65 (3 parts)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn25"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn25" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[25]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Little, <i>Understanding Peasant <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region></i>, p. 70<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn26"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn26" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[26]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>G. William Skinner, Cities and the Hierarchy of Local Systems in G. William Skinner (ed.) <i>The City in Late Imperial China</i>, Stanford University Press, 1977, p. 286<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn27"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn27" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[27]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ibid., p. 18<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn28"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn28" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[28]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Little, <i>Understanding Peasant <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region></i>, p. 77</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn29"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn29" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[29]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ibid., p. 73<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn30"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn30" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[30]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ibid., p. 74<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn31"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn31" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[31]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>John G. Kennedy, “Peasant Society and the Image of Limited Good”: A Critique, p. 1213<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn32"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn32" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[32]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Patricia Ebrey, ‘Introduction: Family Life in Late Traditional <st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region>’, <i>Modern <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region></i>, Vol. 10, No. 4, 1984, pp. 380-1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn33"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn33" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[33]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ibid., p.383</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn34"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn34" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[34]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Take, for example, breaking laws of the Ming and Qing that disallowed homosexual practice. For an overview please see Bret Hinsch<i>, Passions of the Cut Sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in <st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region></i>, <st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename st="on">California Press</st1:placename></st1:place>, 1992<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn35"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn35" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[35]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>As shown through following the poa-chia system or in the success of the Native Chieftain Reforms in John E. Herman, ‘Empire in the Southwest: Early Qing Reforms to the Native Chieftain System’, <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>, Vol. 56, No. 1, 1997 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-73014962060525126772011-01-24T22:17:00.000+00:002011-01-24T22:18:46.902+00:00To what extent can it be claimed that the governmental and intellectual elite of the Qing dictated the parameters of ‘popular culture’? : Chapter Tw<div><br /></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:200%; mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple; text-autospace:none"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-GB">II: The relationship between State and mechanisms of popular culture<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB">The Qing made a direct attempt to dictate popular values, beliefs and social interaction through establishing on a local level a sense of what was ‘correct’, defining the behaviour that was in ones best interest and, as such, would be recognised by the state and society at large. The methods employed highlight the state’s conscious attempt to influence the day to day actions of the commoner, defining popular action in acceptable terms and, therefore, demonstrating the extent to which officialdom permeated society. To focus on a specific example, from which success can be measured, the relationship between the state the ideal of widow fidelity, a concept that “was nearly two millennia old and [was] understood to be part of the “Confucian” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">ru</i>) teaching,<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” will be explored. Through tracing relevant historiography and utilizing the readings of primary source materials such as county gazetteers, biographies and judicial proceedings, one can ascertain the extent to which official convention constructed “real” society: the prevailing attitudes and actions regarding chastity and fidelity. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB">In considering the chastity virtue and widow fidelity two standpoints will be explored. Firstly, that the Qing successfully established a standard for popular conduct and values. In his study on the relationship between female virtue and the state in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region>, Mark Elvin suggests that in thoroughly institutionalizing apposite conduct the state was able to “popularise” virtuous behaviour, thereby implying the high degree of control the state had over society at large. Secondly, and more successfully argued, the relationship expressed between the state and cultural concepts such as chastity and fidelity acts more as an example of state desire to efficiently control the lower orders. The work of Janet Theiss, Susan Mann and Katherine Carlitz, amongst others, highlight the manner in which the state propagated orthodoxy was explicitly to achieve some end, and therefore not an accurate representation of the actual effect upon actual society. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB">Firstly, Elvin claims that the Qing were successful in their extensive campaign to “popularise” virtue, proselytizing for and rewarding good Confucian conduct in society which, in turn, actively directed belief, behaviour and interaction. To claim the Qing successfully “popularized” virtue is to claim that the state came to define the cultural mechanisms, systems of belief and interaction, of general society: establishing a system of uniformity that dictated clearly the relationship between state and the principles governing behaviour. Elvin’s claim, therefore, insinuates that orthodox conceptions were popular practice during the Qing, and as thus can use these sources as an accurate representation of popular culture.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height: 200%"><span lang="EN-GB">Elvin demonstrates that efforts to promote virtues such as filial piety, harmonious cohabitation of many generations within a kin group without division of property and fidelity of widows, virtues that “stabilized a society that was ordered according to a hierarchy of age, and divided into kin-groups based on male dominance and male descent-lines,”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>was not simply a Qing concept. Promoting orthodox behaviour, through a state endorsed “awards for virtues” system, existed throughout Chinese history as an integral part of Chinese statecraft, </span><span style="mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">becoming “a hallmark of the moral educational programs sponsored by the throne,<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” </span><span lang="EN-GB">and a means of interaction between state and people. For example, The Rituals of Zhou (second half of the first millennium B.C.E) included a programme for “inculcating virtue in the common people<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” and specified exempting “the worthy and the capable” from labour service<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. However, it was during the Ming-Qing, he argues, that the “political authorities found it necessary to formulate more precise definitions of virtue,<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” and one can clearly see the strong correlation between state want and popular reality through managing to effectively standardize virtue through means of institutionalization: procedures for submitting information to the throne and ensuring its verity. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height: 200%"><span lang="EN-GB">The state had always played an active role in the regulation of systems of beliefs and behavioural norms, yet not exclusively as a means to a specific end, but rather because of values and modes of interaction firmly rooted in Chinese society. Morality played an integral role in the “internal economy of emotions<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” governing Chinese family lives and which, over time, would have established a strong relationship between orthodox and popular practice and, in particular, a relationship built on tradition not intent, the system existing not exclusively as a means to influence society. For example, in 1368 eligibility was restricted to “the wives and daughters of registered commoners, clothed in hemp and living in the byways,” but looking at the listings of virtuous women in the local gazetteers, a form of award under the control of local authorities and the gentry, rules were “flouted…regarding status,<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” suggesting that the state was rewarding systems of belief that transcended class, which could not be avoided, and existed as cornerstones of Chinese cultural identity. To take but one example, the Jiaxing prefectural gazetteers lists 277 faith widows during the Ming and of these 27 came from official families and 65 from degree holder families<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Alternatively, one could claim that state efforts to dictate and standardize cultural mechanism, such as concepts of virtue, were not a reflection of popular practice but more simply a reflection of intent: ideals underlying policy making and the interaction between state and general society. In fact, tracing widow chastity uncovers more about the reasoning behind the policies and practices of Manchu leaders and Han Chinese governing elites than the general population and, as thus, accentuates the dichotomy between two distinct cultural bodies. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The Qing sought to perfect state control, consolidate its power and ensure prestige, with sources pertaining to the chastity virtue reflecting the states desire to see normative behaviour be the product of state orthodoxy. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The promotion of acceptable behaviour was a </span><span lang="EN-GB">“mechanism for state legitimation, propaganda and social reform.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” The opening of the </span><span style="mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Qing dynasty was marked by social instability and normative uncertainty, experiencing the rise of a rouge male population, the increasing fragility of elite and commoner male status and the stresses of geographical and social mobility on family hierarchy. In addition the commercialization that began in the late Ming (1368-1644) “continued to be a source of social problems and unease in the mid-Qing.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” As a solution the state promoted orthodox ideals, such as those relating to chastity, and through which an equilibrium could be established: “part of larger state and literati project to reinvigorate Neo-Confucian family values and shore up a patriarchical order<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” while simultaneously becoming an area of focus for both the “morally conservative Manchu rulers” and the “Han Chinese governing elite who promoted ritual revival in wake of the Manchu conquest.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” By the early eighteenth century Manchu rulers had pacified opposition and returned <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region> to a path of “prosperous economic development<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” through what scholars such as Frederic Wakeman Jr<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> dub a flexible cultural strategy: preserving a distinct Manchu ethnic identity and culture whilst simultaneously being “borrowers and adapters of Chinese tradition.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” As thus, focus was placed on perfecting state control over resources, personnel and society at large, and it was under the shadow of such cultural and moral impulses that the Qing constructed their policies towards chastity, with the Yongzheng (1723-36) and Qianlong Emperors (1736-96) becoming, for the first time, the “chief patron of the cult of chastity, avidly promoting female virtue through a diverse set of policy initiatives beyond the granting of chastity awards<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” thereby insinuating that such policies had a specific agenda, an end to the benefit of the state, opposed to being intrinsically linked to pertinent and relevant systems of belief present amongst the masses. Although this agenda in turn meant that the dynasty developed an array of “institutional mechanisms for state engagement with local society,” the aim was to make the cult of chastity a “bureaucratized tool of moral reform<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn17" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” through touching key areas of statecraft concern: “law, regulation of marriage and state </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-font-kerning:14.0pt">honours</span><span style="mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">, reform of local customs, suppression of heterodox religious sects, education, acculturation of non-Han peoples, economic development and even management of the penal system.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn18" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” Subjects regularly experienced the state’s civilizing presence and state-sanctioned values, such as chastity, through the shrines, temples and schools run by local magistrates as well as through the dramatic increase of chase women biographies printed in local histories<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>, judicial proceedings and public </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt">honouring</span><span style="mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> of the virtuous and public readings/performances of the Kangxi Emperor’s Sacred Edict<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn20" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-font-kerning:14.0pt">Qing </span><span style="mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">activist and interventionist methods, as demonstrated in the active interaction between state and society and also the willingness to oppose or undermine customs they found objectionable or politically problematic, were too imbued with the intent to expand state regulation of society, opposed to being a true representation of complex cultural mechanisms. Mann argues that the manner in which the chastity virtue was regulated and institutionalized represents more than just an “elite discourse on female chastity” but represent “one facet of what we might call a class struggle on the part of lower gentry and commoner families.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn21" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” For example, eligibility for honours became determined by class, making the system a reflection of state ideals, such as those relating to hierarchy, opposed to existing as a uniform system that simply offered reward for respectable and orthodox behaviour. Qing statutes required that a temple </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-font-kerning:14.0pt">honouring</span><span style="mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> chaste and filial (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">jiexiao ci</i>) “be constructed at the capital and every administrative seat, including military garrisons (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">wei</i>),” and that outside these temples would be constructed arches which would be inscribed with women of merit<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn22" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. However, members of the Manchu imperial family and women in the Manchu banners “received state subsidiaries for the construction of arches and for instillation in a temple, in addition to gifts of silver and silk,” while families of women in the province “might receive” from officials a gift of silver (30 taels) but were expected to meet all other costs, i.e. construction of the arch, installation in the temple and provisions for sacrifices<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn23" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:12.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 200%"><span style="mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">To further exemplify, acting as agents of the state through which endorsed governmental models could be propagated amongst the general population, scholars were charged to document exemplary, and therefore specific, incidences of behaviour, such as orthodox expressions of female chastity. When scholars were hired to collect information for a county gazetteer, which made clear in the accounts of “local customs” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">fengsu</i>) that “female chastity was a metaphor for community honour” and that “female chastity was an integral part of the complex of values representing local moral standards to the outside world,<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn24" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” they suffered no illusion as to the “reality” they were supposed to represent. As with all male-centered family systems Chinese women posed a danger to the long-term stability of the family structure because they were constantly violating family boundaries: entering and exiting as brides, they produced the sons of future generations, “the bonds of conjugal solidarity that threatened to tear brothers apart<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn25" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” and ultimately brought conflict with married women within the extended family through sisters-in-law vying for claims on the patriarchical estate<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn26" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. Therefore, in constructing local histories scholars remade women “in the images of loyalty, fidelity, and absolute commitment on which the hierarchy of local order rested… they attributed to these women a consciousness, an intentionality, that expressed their own values.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn27" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” Local gazetteers sought to lessen the “implicit danger<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” women posed by bring to the fore examples of behaviour deemed acceptable and that others should follow, and in doing so would received appropriate reward. Furthermore, Theiss demonstrates that because of the nature of the effort to standardize and regulate gender norms, documents produced, for example routine memorials (xingke tiben) that documented serious criminal cases, had to “reflect the document transmission process and bureaucratic procedure that produced them,” and, as thus, were guided by detailed and specific regulations for structure, composition and wording, as well as incorporating reports from judicial officials, county magistrates, judicial commissioners and board officials. Opposed to having the impression of being able to ““hear the voices” of the common people participating in the case,” the resulting document was heavily edited and simply reflected how the “</span><span lang="EN-GB">meaning of [gender] norms shifted and varied in the midst of policy making and implementation, adjudication, social conflict, and the ordinary encounters of everyday life.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn29" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” For example, in noting the testimonies of the people, local dialects or minority languages were put into a written form of vernacular speech that was standardized; the northern dialect today recognised as Mandarin, and also it was dictated that testimonies must “avoid wordiness, vulgar language and localisms.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn30" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” Such regulations in recording information, therefore, sometimes affected the “very “facts” of the case when divergent versions of events…were moulded into one consistent story that fit under the rubric of one statute or substitute.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn31" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” Although such documents do provide some</span><span style="mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> degree of information from which the historian can understand the individual views of case participants, such as </span><span lang="EN-GB">useful information about household structure and the day-to-day leisure and work patterns of both men and women, they strongly “reveal discrepancies between popular and state views and values” and “compel us to question the fictions that historians take for orthodoxy.<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>”</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span lang="EN-GB">A further consideration is the extent to which consciously influencing popular values and behaviour denotes a political tool utilized throughout Chinese political history but to varying degrees. Carlitz draws attention to the fact that despite the ideal of widow-fidelity being “nearly two millennia old and… understood to be part of “Confucian” (ru) teaching,” in sincerity it had “always been expressed more as precept than as practice.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn33" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” The importance placed on fidelity as expressed in the Qing was not embedded in traditional practice, acting as a core tenet of the popular menalité, but became more significant through the official attention it received. Patricia Ebrey, for example, demonstrates that fidelity was not socially important well into the Southern Song, as there are examples of prominent widows marrying without apology and very few extant Song and Yuan gazetteers list faithful widows at all<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn34" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. Richard L. Davis too denotes that during the eleventh century, despite the “highly precocious character of eleventh century historical writing in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region>,” all reason seemed to be suspended when “depicting so-called “Notable Women” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">lienu</i>) in the New History of the Tang (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Xin Tang shu</i>)<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>”. For example, in regaling the story of a “Notable Woman” of the literati class, Woman Lu, the historian Ouyang Xiu shows how rather than take another husband in incidence of her husband’s death, she mutilates herself to prove her loyalty to him: “The Woman Lu, weeping, then went to her room where she gouged out an eye, proving…there would surely be no second man.<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” The histories, as thus, are reduced to simply being the “conscious contribution of revisionist historians of a century later… reflections of the way men of the Song wanted to perceived certain women of the Tang – or at least, how they wanted their own women to perceive certain kinds of Tang women<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn37" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” The effect, ultimately, was a sharp dichotomy between representation and reality. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Regardless, however, of the states extensive efforts to control popular systems of behaviour and belief of general society, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-font-kerning:14.0pt">moulding them into something ultimately beneficial</span><span style="mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">, scholars have noted a discrepancy between state orthodoxy and popular “reality”, stating that the state’s attempts to gain control by means of establishing an orthodoxy were </span><span lang="EN-GB">ultimately undermined by the “copious evidence of the limits of its [the state] authority at the local level<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn38" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>”. Matthew Sommer, for example, claims that despite the state’s efforts to protect what was felt to be the foundation of social order, the “settled peasant family,<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn39" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” disjuncture between state orthodoxy and poor peasant reality meant that the state’s ability to transform the values of its subject was limited. Local communities were structured by more than state defined orthodoxy, even if every level of society was aware of what constituted this orthodoxy. The state was but “one of many sources of normative authority at the local level,” and it is through the judicial system that negotiation could exist between not only the state and local elites but also the state and common people<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. As thus, in considering the states laws and policies to impose a uniform vision of gender order, one must discern between an ideal and theoretical model and what could be achieved in reality. On the one hand, one can discern how a standardized gender order would, in theory, be executed and administered, traceable through the language deployed in official documentation, such as commissioned works and as exemplified in the “extreme acts of moral probity<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn41" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">jiduan daode xingwei)</i> as depicted in scholar biographies of “Notable Women.” Alternatively, however, in reality laws and policies relating to establishing orthodox practice were weakened by contradictions and ultimately compromised with popular mores, “most critically with women’s own views of virtue.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn42" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” In reality, the practice of widow fidelity was enacted because of embedded social importance, not state enforcement. Due to the strictly patriarchical structure of the Chinese family, adhering to the principles of fidelity and chastity safeguarded ones welfare in unfortunate circumstances. A weak ritual connection to the natal family brought about by the exogamous nature of family politics ensured that a young bride was isolated, unable to return to her natal family and subject to exploitation by more senior female family members, meaning a “near-complete dependency on her husband’s family.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn43" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” Therefore, observing the virtue of chastity and widow fidelity protected against vulnerability, for as Arthur Smith comments Chinese society makes no provisions of support for the widow: “No lot or portion [of land] falls to any sister. It is this that makes it imperative that every woman should be married, that she should have some visible means of support.<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Locked within the “fold of patrilineage,<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn45" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” it was in the best, personal interests of the woman to observe certain practices, for the sake of her own livelihood, opposed to maintaining values simply because they were state mandated.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height: 200%;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple; text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;punctuation-wrap:simple;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB">Overall county gazetteers, biographies, local histories and judicial documents pertaining to widow chastity do not give a “real” image of Qing dynasty values and beliefs. Rather, as Mann posits, the discourse on widow chastity may be viewed “as an expression of the political and economic interests of two groups: the large and regionally differentiated group called the “local gentry” and the Manchu court.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn46" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” Being outsiders the Manchus sought “to codify and enforce norms in traditional Chinese culture<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn47" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,” so as to achieve more power and prestige. However, the “classical ideal of the sages<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn48" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” officials were trying to induce was in itself a state construct, an orthodox view of perfect popular conduct and moral standards and not, therefore, based on actual popular practices. Being aimed specifically at the commoner classes, and also marked by sophisticated means of institutionalization, early Qing rulers’ campaigns suggest less that the government was able to implant its moral code in the popular psyche and more that it was due to some specific, and significant, end, thereby requiring a relative degree of effort, that widow chastity became so “popularised”. It is equally justifiable to claim that the apparent zeal with which local magistrates identified chaste widows was the product of the turning cogs of orthodoxy as it is to claim that it represented the influence the state held in dictating popular consciousness<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. One need note, however, that in consciously constructing the boundaries within which appropriate behaviour falls, the Qing government did establish forms of “negotiation between state and society,<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn50" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” however attenuated said “negotiations” may have been, and consequently leave “less room for variation and exception [of marital roles] than before.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn51" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” The standardization of the chastity virtue brought the official and ordinary subject, Theiss remarks, in contact either directly, in the courtroom, or indirectly, through the “allocation of ritual honours and the implementation of education and economic programmes at the local level.<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>” Yet the extensively means through which the government attempted to control the values upon which general society rested makes it ever the more pertinent to determine how popular, or ‘peasant’, culture is to be comprehended.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></p> <div style="mso-element:footnote-list"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Katherine Carlitz, ‘Shrines, Governing-Class Identity, and the Cult of Widow Fidelity in Mid-Ming Jiangnan’, p. 612</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> Susan Mann, ‘Widows in the Kinship, Class, and Community Structures of Qing Dynasty <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place>’, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 46, No. 1, 1987, p. 37 </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt">Mark Elvin, ‘Female Virtue and the State in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region>’, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Past and Present</i>, No. 104, 1984, p. 115</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Zhouli jinzhu jinyi [The Rituals of Zhou with Modern Notes and Translation], ed. and trans. Lin Yin (Taibei, 1972), pp. 97-118 </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Elvin, ‘Female Virtue and the State in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region>’, p. 123 </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn6"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> ibid., p. 122</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn7"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> ibid., p. 124 </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn8"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Jiaxing fuzhi, juan 67, pp. 2033-6, juan 70, pp. 2109-10, juan 72, pp. 2179-83, juan 73, pp. 2212-15, juan 75, pp. 2275-8, juan 77, pp. 2322-34, juan 78, pp. 2367-8. </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn9"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Janet M. Theiss, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Disgraceful Matters: The Politics of Chastity in Eighteenth Century <st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region></i>, <st1:city st="on">Berkeley</st1:city>: <st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename st="on">California</st1:placename></st1:place> Press, 2004, p. 2</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn10"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> ibid., p. 2</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> ibid., p. 2</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn12"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> ibid., p. 2 </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn13"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> ibid., p. 6</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn14"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Frederic Wakeman Jr, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth Century China</i>, 2 vols., Berkeley University of California Press, 1985</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn15"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Theiss, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Disgraceful Matters: The Politics of Chastity in Eighteenth Century <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region></i>, p. 6</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn16"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> ibid., p. 7</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn17"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> ibid., p. 7</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn18"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> ibid., p. 7</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn19"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Mann, ‘Widows in the Kinship, Class, and Community Structures of Qing Dynasty <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place>’, <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>p. 40 </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn20"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> a)<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Theiss, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Disgraceful Matters: The Politics of Chastity in Eighteenth Century <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place></i>, <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>p. 7</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>b) Magistrates sponsored public readings and performances, used by advocates of moral transformation (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">jiaohua</i>) because of its esteem for filial piety and promotion of propriety and obedience to superiors. Victor H. Mair, “Language and Ideology in Written Popularizations of the Sacred Edict,” in Popular Culture in Late Imperial China, ed. David Johnson, Andrew J. Nathan, and Evelyn S. Rawski, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985, pp. 325-59<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn21"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Mann, ‘Widows in the Kinship, Class, and Community Structures of Qing Dynasty <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place>’, p.42</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn22"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> ibid., p. 42</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn23"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> ibid., p. 42</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn24"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> a) ibid., p. 43</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>b) For example, in the editorial principles listed in the preface to an earlier gazetteer for She county, the following comment appears: “The relationship between men and women is in the great cornerstone of all human relationships. If women behave correctly within the home, and men behave correctly outside the home, moral standards will be pure. In She county, the women’s quarters are commonly said to be “governed by the teachings of Confucius and Mencius.” Therefore when we record biographies, we include the lives of “exemplary women”. (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">She xian</i> [<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Anbui</i>] <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">zhi</i> 1690, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">fan li</i>, 1b-2a)<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn25"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Emily M. Ahern, “The Power and Pollution of Chinese Women.” In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Women in Chinese Society</i>,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>eds. Margery Wolf and Roxanne Witke, Stanford University Press, 1975, 212 </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn26"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Freedman, 1976, pp. 236-7</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn27"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Mann, ‘Widows in the Kinship, Class, and Community Structures of Qing Dynasty <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region>’, <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>p. 44</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn28"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> ibid., p. 44</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn29"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Theiss, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Disgraceful Matters: The Politics of Chastity in Eighteenth Century <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region></i>, p. 4</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn30"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> ibid., p. 5</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn31"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> ibid., p. 5</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn32"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> ibid., p. 6 </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn33"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn33" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> Katherine Carlitz, ‘Shrines, Governing-Class Identity, and the Cult of Widow Fidelity in Mid-Ming Jiangnan’, p. 612</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn34"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Patricia Ebrey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Inner Quarters: Marriage and the Lives of Chinese Women in the Sung Period</i>, <st1:city st="on">Berkeley</st1:city>: <st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename st="on">California</st1:placename></st1:place> Press, 1993, pp. 204-5</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn35"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn35" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> Richard L. Davis, ‘Chaste and Filial Women in Chinese Historical Writings of the Eleventh Century’, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>, Vol. 121, No. 2, 2001, p. 204</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn36"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Xin Tang Shu, 205.5817; Chiu, “Changing Virtues?” 40, 48-9, 51 </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn37"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Richard L. Davis, ‘Chaste and Filial Women in Chinese Historical Writings of the Eleventh Century’, p. 205</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn38"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Theiss, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Disgraceful Matters: The Politics of Chastity in Eighteenth Century <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place></i>, p. 8 </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn39"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Matthew H. Sommer, Sex, Law and Society in Late Imperial <st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region>, <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Stanford</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> Press, 200 </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn40"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Theiss, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Disgraceful Matters: The Politics of Chastity in Eighteenth Century <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region></i>, p. 9 </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn41"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Richard L. Davis, ‘Chaste and Filial Women in Chinese Historical Writings of the Eleventh Century’, p. 205 </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn42"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Theiss, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Disgraceful Matters: The Politics of Chastity in Eighteenth Century <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place></i>, p. 9 </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn43"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn43" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Mann, ‘Widows in the Kinship, Class, and Community Structures of Qing Dynasty <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place>’, p. 44</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn44"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Arthur Smith, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Village Life in China</i>, 1970, Reedition of original edition of 1899, with a new intro. By Myron Cohen, <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Boston</st1:place></st1:city>: Little Brown, p. 220 </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn45"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Mann, ‘Widows in the Kinship, Class, and Community Structures of Qing Dynasty <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place>’, p. 44</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn46"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> ibid., p. 49 </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn47"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> ibid., p. 49 </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn48"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> ibid., p. 49 </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn49"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> ibid., p. 50</span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn50"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Theiss, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Disgraceful Matters: The Politics of Chastity in Eighteenth Century <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place></i>, p. 9 </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn51"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Sommer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Sex, Law and Society in Late Imperial <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region></i>, p. 10 </span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn52"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Theiss, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Disgraceful Matters: The Politics of Chastity in Eighteenth Century <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place></i>, p. 9</span></p> </div></div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-70388520439682563172011-01-24T06:56:00.003+00:002011-01-24T07:02:44.721+00:00To what extent can it be claimed that the governmental and intellectual elite of the Qing dictated the parameters of ‘popular culture’?<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">I have decided to publish online, by chapter, my 3rd year BA (Hons) History Independent Study Project (ISP) as completed at The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London in the academic year September 2008 - June 2009. My focus area for said degree was the region 'East Asia', further coming to concentrate on early modern Chinese popular culture and the development of religious practices throughout Imperial history. I was awarded a First Class grade for this module by Professor T. H. Barrett. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-GB">I: Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span lang="EN-GB">The aim of this study is to explore the concept of ‘culture<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>’ within early Qing <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. Chinese society was rigidly hierarchical, with the elite, literati class staffing a bureaucracy whose purpose was to effectively govern and organize general society, thereby ensuring prosperity and equilibrium. As thus, the state employed methods through which to control and mould general society into an utilizable entity, leading one to question the relationship between elite ideals and popular practice: the extent to which ‘popular culture’, </span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">the organization, values, beliefs and relationships that existed within the community, for example in systems of work, family organization and religious belief, was a product of state orthodoxy or, alternatively, existed separately to elite ideals and values, warranting independent scholarly attention. It therefore becomes essential, and core to the purpose of the present paper, to explore not only the relationship between the state and general society, the extent to which popular systems of belief, values and mechanisms of interaction were defined by the state, but also examine general society as it existed on its own terms in order to ascertain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of popular, ‘peasant’ culture: how general society existed in early Qing China. The historian, in reconstructing Qing <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region>, requires more than the tools traditionally placed at his disposal. To acquire a thorough understanding of Chinese culture, the practices extant throughout <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region> as a whole and not merely contained within an elite minority, it is necessary to acknowledge and employ the skills of other academic disciplines. The past existed beyond orthodox economic, political and social practices exhibited in governmental documentation, and in investigating the logic behind social interaction and systems of belief on both a popular and ‘official’ level a more true understanding of the forces that directed China’s history.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">To reach a conclusion as to how popular culture was constructed during early Qing <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region> three key areas will be considered: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Firstly, chapter two explicitly explores the relationship between the Qing state and it’s bearing on the values, beliefs and systems of interaction present within general society, examining the extent to which the state successfully standardized ideals of virtue, in particular widow fidelity and female chastity. Tracing the chastity virtue in early Qing gives direct insight into an attempt on behalf of the state to propagate orthodoxy, dictating ‘correct’ and acceptable </span><span lang="EN-GB">behavioural</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> norms through instilling said norms into the popular mentality. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Secondly, chapter three attempts to understand ‘peasant’ culture on its own terms through examining culture on a </span><span lang="EN-GB">‘</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">root level</span><span lang="EN-GB">’</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">, looking specifically at internal and external relationships, may these be social, economic, political or otherwise, and exploring the influences and differences, if any, between socially, economically and politically different entities. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Thirdly, chapter four considers the extent to which popular culture implies creativity, the ability of individuals to make conscious decisions, will and want on a personal basis, and not simply as members of a social unit. To achieve this sexual identity, in particular the existence of same-sex relationships will be explored. Such a case study will provide a means through which the existence of volition, emotions and desires personally constructed regardless of the mechanisms underling functional social, economic and political systems can be assessed.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Through considering the aforementioned areas a comprehensive understanding of popular culture, both in relation to the state and on its own terms, can be achieved. The primary line of argument will follow that popular culture in the early Qing cannot be understood simply through considering the official standpoint, those ideals propagated by the state and which directed policy and practice. While the state machine exercised influence and enforced particularities within general society, this was but only one of many relationships constituting cultural practice. Although the state attempted to dictate normative behaviour and modes of interaction, there existed less a connection between elite and popular spheres because of pressure asserted from the top down and more two cultural identities capable of unique expression which share a common bond through principles born in tradition, such as those values governing family politics. While the work of G. William Skinner and Patricia Ebrey demonstrates the significance of examining the specific mechanisms governing particular social units and institutions, illuminating that beyond the influence of the relationship held with orthodoxy existed a cultural inimitability; it becomes clear that it is essential to examine explicitly said mechanisms on a personal level in order to truly reconstruct the multiple relationships that constitute Chinese culture. Exploring same-sex relationships in Qing society aids in tracing the relationship between the individual and the different institutions, such as the family, the community, the state, which externally exist as ‘Chinese culture’, illuminating both the perseverance of personal enthusiasm in constructing ones cultural sphere and an underlying unity born in tradition. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style="mso-element:footnote-list"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt"> The examination of culture raises methodological and intellectual considerations that need to be outlined, if only for reflection. </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Firstly, levels of analysis need to go beyond historical scholasticism, incorporating statistical methods, anthropology and religious studies, to name but a few. This in turn raises questions over the importance of alternative methods available to the historian. However the magnitude of this question will and cannot be adequately answered here. Secondly, this analysis cannot sufficiently approach the question of <i>how </i>culture should be defined. Therefore it will take Leon J. Goldstein</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt">’</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">s nominal definition that the author </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt">“</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">should state explicitly and unambiguously what they mean by </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">‘</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">culture</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">’…</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10.0pt">”</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">. Such a definition has been outlined in the opening paragraph.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Christopher/My%20Documents/SOAS/ISP1.doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> The period under question specifically refers to the ‘early Qing’, encompassing the reigns of Nurhaci, Huang Taiji, Shunzhi Emperor, Kangxi Emperor, Yongzheng Emperor, Qianlong Emperor and Jiaqing Emperor. However, due to the fact the Manchu rulers were alien, not being native to the geographical region they came to control, allusions to the practices evinced during late Ming China may be appropriated to provide a more plenary understanding of general convenance.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></p> </div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-18410405525439172362011-01-23T16:05:00.010+00:002011-03-28T06:15:44.668+01:00Vegan footwear: an earnest attempt at a comprehensive guide*<div><br /></div><div>Nike: </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxmMup7hOFj0AcmVGtwrsxCmpSmJUexrvRVuMB55sciuXiQMy-r2kMzbhH_daooMHF7Q5uQTqegxJbi39jbMUsD8a1BenxnVOlIJ9R7KDAhkubjlQqsnC-TjOAAurqwk0LyacgNze0u8vn/s1600/53.56+vegan+sb+dunk+low+trainers.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxmMup7hOFj0AcmVGtwrsxCmpSmJUexrvRVuMB55sciuXiQMy-r2kMzbhH_daooMHF7Q5uQTqegxJbi39jbMUsD8a1BenxnVOlIJ9R7KDAhkubjlQqsnC-TjOAAurqwk0LyacgNze0u8vn/s320/53.56+vegan+sb+dunk+low+trainers.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5565462365570447186" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Nike Dunk SD low sandalwood - £53.59 @ www.hishops.co.uk</b></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7xF79187mMaJlTz2pnGsCGdCXx6x-vWKOTPzlNlYWRRuIwW91VYLP7WonbW6lqR8DYm4XjSxYmw2rmuU9QFiNi4ijhii5P63up6urFG8WKMPYch343Gn1CzS9Lcba5wfd0VPiieXloRDb/s1600/basketball+trainers+%25C2%25A330.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 235px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7xF79187mMaJlTz2pnGsCGdCXx6x-vWKOTPzlNlYWRRuIwW91VYLP7WonbW6lqR8DYm4XjSxYmw2rmuU9QFiNi4ijhii5P63up6urFG8WKMPYch343Gn1CzS9Lcba5wfd0VPiieXloRDb/s320/basketball+trainers+%25C2%25A330.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5565462360471745042" /></a><b><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><b>Basketball hi-tops - £30 @ www.alternativestores.com</b></span></div></b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZvFtULfC1qFxdXv0vpZfYWEUXXCbl4CArYcWQqEz1JnOu9GcvhlBG7lt1Euc0PV3xT36LPGyQxfQUWJYKbXflU32GUVJQr3UGT6oAyLdalffNrjQEPZFnB5UKVKp27fzFXqa8K54H7CCJ/s1600/veg+supreme+hemp+hi+top+74.95.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 227px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZvFtULfC1qFxdXv0vpZfYWEUXXCbl4CArYcWQqEz1JnOu9GcvhlBG7lt1Euc0PV3xT36LPGyQxfQUWJYKbXflU32GUVJQr3UGT6oAyLdalffNrjQEPZFnB5UKVKp27fzFXqa8K54H7CCJ/s320/veg+supreme+hemp+hi+top+74.95.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5565462248569768530" /></a><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Veg Supreme Hemp Hi-tops - £74.95 @ www.vegetarian-shoes.co.uk</b></div><div><br /><div><br />*Please note: the information procured in compiling aforementioned guide may result in loss of guilt and ethical steadfastness. Thank you. <div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-19877250206588065132010-12-23T00:16:00.014+00:002011-01-24T00:23:25.453+00:00A fantastic new online shopping experience!One of my all time favourite shops, Hatfield's, Hertfordshire, <a href="http://oakroomshop.co.uk/">The Oak Room</a>, will unfortunately now be closed until the 19th of February, static and patiently waiting, existing amidst numerous building works that will see Hatfield House's <a href="http://www.hatfield-house.co.uk/shop/">Stable Yard</a> transformed into an even more exciting consumer experience.<br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Fortunately for me, and for the sure and steady following this unique and intriguing retail venture has come to amass, their online super-shop is up and running. Despite only being in the prilimary stages of development, offering for sale but a fraction of the fruitful bounty one is likely to find inside this special shop, the site is beautifully presented, easy to navigate and, most importantly, offers a breadth of choice through highlighting the key areas of expertise, such as 'Home & Accessories', which then subdivides into 'Haberdashery & Craft', 'Table Top', 'Decorative Accessories', 'Young & Fun', 'Potting Shed' and finally 'Bath & Scent'. The attention to such detail online is testimony to the carefully thought out and beautifully conceived aesthetic achieved in the shop; a truly timeless atmosphere.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Here is a selection of some of my favourite goodies found on the website (complete with direct links to the product information page, where further information secures that 'Add the basket' decision). </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz6dBBPiF2aqpH7tMXXnaJKdCV9rNVGnG1m2D91AaMvbojPbRNLiJJL4pFta_90i89T30ZRCn03AvoLMBA53OjQurCmUARmVf5fQ4_CBMT03xvt7pBN30sELmHSdCCZcYKb5nXuLdKrGwJ/s320/cherries+cannister+9.99.jpg" style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 160px; height: 160px;" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5565534072971395650" /><a href="http://oakroomshop.co.uk/decorativehomeandaccessories/decorative-accessories/tins/cherries-cannister/">Cherries Cannister</a>: £9.99<br /><div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF4dO6gFWK1tMBo-vUZ_I4VBnXoX1HD5OKah_06unSOqzZ_lpHQgifB5icn1SecdWquM0z7bIM2zJ1iGuK6CB_nARRkyDNul_DiimT_F5NAtPz8kV67WlcJkiOSs9gmUeKb0tyilhiFnlA/s320/OAKROOM-NOTEBOOKS-FRUIT-1-of-4_160.jpg" style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 160px; height: 160px;" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5565535318430361026" /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://oakroomshop.co.uk/stationary/notebooks/red-apple-notepad/">Red Apple Notepad: </a>£3.99</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIjPwN92MeSXPKOHdQKG5L3w5ggeH_8nXnAxkgtNcAeuz5MsFH0kbpYhyJ2TezJgOCdjcPt9hTHEXb8lfXyxZTyo6MVYMmas0O_igjO0XeofocxdQZWmnMM_xJqfUaEcvjyZ0sC5bf4lwz/s320/rescued+paper+scrap+book.jpg" style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 160px; height: 160px;" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5565537827023212146" /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://oakroomshop.co.uk/stationary/notebooks/rescued-paper-scrap-book/">Rescued Paper Scrapbook:</a> £8.99 </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJR16AqkHOgCb2LadrHE9LkeQt9Cgqp_t_OUJ4F1NFrvdlmYACg-xv6ymjoZzM-JLlfmRqO6kDexZT6cOd7qicYsDKGkfLZwhJVSx-mhG0Etwjp3_0_5iocn9aS7IuAFW_zIqgnQp-olz-/s320/owl+thank+you+cards+pack+of+8+5.99.jpg" style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 160px; height: 160px;" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5565537821423339122" /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://oakroomshop.co.uk/decorativehomeandaccessories/cat5/stationary-cat5/owl-thank-you-cards/">Owl Thank You Cards:</a> £5.99</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE98w7nOAxRT0hh5L0uiVeOebsDFfMcxrhyCrFCZiqzdbrsJcwGBXp6itK2Jc3q8cH_CcS9sm3Dj6QbdAxRmbLedyBsmd2gNPNx-wO6Fs95GmVrD84QDfPbYHIGOq_MtzM_XxqljUHrihE/s320/animal+stamp+kit+5.99.jpg" style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 160px; height: 160px;" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5565538675664857346" /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://oakroomshop.co.uk/decorativehomeandaccessories/cat5/stationary-cat5/lovely-animal-stamp-kit/">Animal Stamp Kit:</a> £5.99</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTSmSUUUVHPbzE8JbKjC8YYpBFGdf35L5sstV_iW5XGSRQda1YnbXrYw6jxkRGaxIi5UUQpb3GKAlKg9j7kf-OWuus6blheySqgPDMuMKCmwU9I3w9iRzulCuZ1Tyjws-DQUYSC4Xyz3F8/s320/school+envelopes+pak+1.95.jpg" style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 160px; height: 160px;" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5565538681134321666" /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://oakroomshop.co.uk/stationary/desk-accesories/school-envelopes-pack/">School Envelopes Pack:</a> £1.95</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Contact The Oak Room by sending a message, as directed from the website (<a href="http://oakroomshop.co.uk/contact/">follow this link!</a>) or alternatively either telephone: <b><i>01707 25717 </i></b>or write: <b><i>The Oak Room, StableYard, Hatfield Park, Hatfiled, Herts. AL9 5NQ</i></b></div></div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-5115659027906510622010-12-22T22:59:00.002+00:002010-12-22T23:02:51.369+00:00Current literary delights...<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5VI1xRO56wFvgDXOlAulasc8DXrtaaQDCe8rUEhTDq-_Ul3ct5gIjQa7oaJN0Hd1e0r_hkKFiKYFz0aFfw8xSoGJfwTxdDyUoM1qrDpkSWxk10JeqI3hSe4DdM-16u2rGUxCHOiAAtc/s1600/life+of+pi+-+yann+martel.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 206px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5VI1xRO56wFvgDXOlAulasc8DXrtaaQDCe8rUEhTDq-_Ul3ct5gIjQa7oaJN0Hd1e0r_hkKFiKYFz0aFfw8xSoGJfwTxdDyUoM1qrDpkSWxk10JeqI3hSe4DdM-16u2rGUxCHOiAAtc/s320/life+of+pi+-+yann+martel.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5553645554284165650" /></a><div style="text-align: center;">I'm almost done so, what next? Recommendations are very welcome, I need an engaging read to steer me through these cold, winter nights. </div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2925135255733012825.post-20428540517596828332010-12-21T21:50:00.001+00:002010-12-25T12:09:32.309+00:00Art Yarn: Unity Panda<a href="http://artyarn.blogspot.com/2010/04/unity-panda.html?spref=bl">Art Yarn: Unity Panda</a>: <span class="Apple-style-span" >"Back in January we told you about the project Unity Panda.. </span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></div><div> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; " >Unitypanda is an ambitious and fun project for people to come together to knit pandas. The Unitypanda project is being tested out with the people of Coventry 16-20 January 2010 at the Coventry Artspace shop at Unit 22, City Arcade. Members of the public of all ages are invited to come along and knit a small part of a panda, be they experts, ex-knitters or pure beginners....</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; "><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Arial; line-height: 19px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Arial; line-height: 16px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" >Local people can take a break from their shopping in the winter cold by dropping into the Unitypanda shop in Coventry town centre. Anyone interested in a spot of knitting can cast on around the large pandaknitting table and enjoy a hot cup of tea with some friendly company. The aim of Unitypanda is simply for people to have fun making pandas together.<br /></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Arial; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Arial; line-height: 16px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggRDYtmI933tR9fUSiiYFsLqb-_RVWXfEZHfqxiLTyblSjJBv0KTrXMRWTYp9Nu_eIXOWmmyniqFUzWb_NgDrIj_Wcfq0jXl88wnHGE-77UuC0PBnZO8YriDpcgTkakPYH-91Z3Dc601o/s1600/Shopmed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="text-decoration: none; clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggRDYtmI933tR9fUSiiYFsLqb-_RVWXfEZHfqxiLTyblSjJBv0KTrXMRWTYp9Nu_eIXOWmmyniqFUzWb_NgDrIj_Wcfq0jXl88wnHGE-77UuC0PBnZO8YriDpcgTkakPYH-91Z3Dc601o/s320/Shopmed.jpg" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; position: relative; padding-top: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); -webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.199219) 0px 0px 20px; border-top-left-radius: 5px 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px 5px; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px 5px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " /></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" >For the four days of this initial Unitypanda trial run pandaknitters are sought to test out the knitting pattern. Advice from experienced knitters or helpful comments from novices are invaluable for perfecting the adorable little Unitypandas. Through trial and error the pandamaking system will be fine tuned until the pandas start to multiply like hot cakes.<br /></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Arial; line-height: 19px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Arial; line-height: 16px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" >In April 2010 Unitypanda sees its official launch at the Coventry Artspace shop and at venues nationwide. It is hoped that scores of knitters pooling their time and effort will create a hundred Unitypandas or more. All the knitted pandas will go on tour in an art exhibition in autumn/winter 2010-2011.<br /></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Arial; line-height: 16px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" >As the saying goes, many hands make light work. Every panda stitch is helpful and everyone can knit as much or as little as they like. As the needles start clicking hind legs and paws will start taking shape and a good time will be had by all. It’s anyone’s guess how many pandas will appear when a lot of people each make a tiny effort, and that’s part of the fun.<br /></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Arial; line-height: 16px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" >Knitters will follow an original pattern from 1946 which commemorates the arrival of the giant panda “Miss Unity Panda” to London Zoo. The lovable 10” knitted creature is made up of 24 parts, some being larger and more complex than others. Pandaknitters choose which part of the panda they have the time and skills to knit. Panda parts range from an ‘ear’, a quick and easy knit, to an ‘upper half fore leg’ which suits the more experienced knitter.<br /></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Arial; line-height: 16px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" >Would be participants don’t even need to knit to join in the panda fun. Help is required to cut rags for stuffing, sew the pandas up and embroider eyes and noses. People are more than welcome to simply share their memories of knitting around the pandaknitting table. Perhaps someone even remembers Miss Unity Panda arriving at London Zoo 66 years ago! In keeping with the 1940’s theme, music from the wartime era will enliven the proceedings. Parents are welcome and a selection of panda books and toys are available for children.<br /></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Arial; line-height: 16px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Arial; line-height: 16px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" >All the Unitypandas created with the help of Coventry residents will be on show in a touring exhibition from September 2010 to January 2011 ‘Material Actions’ organised by Textile Forum South West. Unitypanda is devised by West Midlands based artist, Jonnet Middleton and funded by Coventry Artspace and Longhouse. For more information call the Pandaline on 07974 694 584."</span></b></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Arial; line-height: 16px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></b></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Arial; line-height: 16px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; ">Unity Panda would like to share with you a link to a pattern so you knit a panda and we have been informed that there will be a panda knit-in party on</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; ">Saturday 17th April at 22 City Arcade, Coventry CV1 3AU.</span></b><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; " ><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify; "><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; ">If you would like to contribute to this fantastic project by making a panda please visit this link:</span><a href="http://issuu.com/unitypanda/docs/unitypanda_pattern_1.0" style="text-decoration: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "> http://issuu.com/unitypanda/docs/unitypanda_pattern_1.0</span></a></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; " ><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; " >Unity Panda need to have 100 pandas knitted. You can make a whole panda or make separate parts of the panda pattern - they especially need hind and foreleg parts!!</span></div><div style="text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; " ><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; ">If you are on facebook you can visit their page at: </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><a href="http://www.facebook.com/unitypanda" style="text-decoration: none; ">http://www.facebook.com/unitypanda</a></span><br /></span><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; " >and join their facebook event page: <a href="http://www.facebook.com/event.php?eid=108265682542562&ref=mf" style="text-decoration: none; ">http://www.facebook.com/event.php?eid=108265682542562&ref=mf</a></span></div><div><br /></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; " ></span></div></span></b></div></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18275881562878807484noreply@blogger.com0